• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2019

Traffic Safety and efficient Road Traffic Policy of Traffic management came into effect over the certain size of the road like main road. Comparatively, Safety for Living street is deteriorated. Especially, Vehicle are usually priority to the life-zone street, even though Safety for the Passengers are essential to the life-zone street in the residential area. Improvement for the Living street has not been achieved In this study, To suggest Intersection Notifications standard of installation in Living Street, We execute on-site survey in priority to Gwangju Metropolitan City. Furthermore, After We suggest experimental value for the Intersection Notifications' standard of installation Prediction model in the Living street, Intersection Notifications compare & veritfy experimental value to the installation point's value to suggest the standard of installation in the living street. As a result, We can prevent frequent traffic accident in the Living Street. Furthermore, We are judged by installation of intersection Notifications considering stability and convenience to the passengers who are using the living street.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.544-560
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• 2008

This study seeks to clarify the background and factors for the expansion of bus networks that connect Incheon International Airport with its hinterlands. For this research objective, this paper analyzes the relationships among the change of bus routes, competitive transportation modes, passenger fares, and the shortest time distance. Previously, the hinterlands of route bus networks that connect Gimpo International Airport were Seoul metropolitan area, Chungcheong region, Jeonju and Iksan in Jeollabuk-do(province). However, the opening of Incheon International Airport resulted in the expansion of the hinterlands of bus networks to Gangwon-do, Gwangju, and major cities in Youngnam region. Simultaneously, route bus networks also expanded in Seoul metropolitan area. Each bus route connecting Incheon International Airport with its hinterlands was opened by a single bus company or various bus companies. In many cases, due to the uncertainty of revenues or bus company's regional ties, a bus route was opened by various bus companies. In this paper, the analysis of the number of one-way route bus service and density of flight passengers shows that the frequency of the route bus service for Seoul except Gangseo-gu(ward) and for Seoul's satellite cities(Suwon, Seongnam, Anyang, Gunpo, Guri, and Osan) should be decreased. The analysis also shows that the frequency of the route bus services for the other cities, counties(Guns), and wards(gus) should be increased. In Seoul metropolitan area, although route bus fares are more expensive than subway fares, passengers use route bus more frequency than subway because time distance of route bus is shorter than that of subway and subway transfer is inconvenient. In general, outside Seoul metropolitan area, air flight is preferred in the regions that have airports. In contrast, the route bus is preferred in Daegu and other regions that do not have airports.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.487-497
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• 2010

This paper estimates theoretically optimal sizes of urban population for major metropolitan areas using an urban economy system with utility maximizing household, profit maximizing producer and government providing public goods. This finds that the optimal size of urban population is determined by technological levels and public services. The population sizes of Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Incheon are higher than their optimal levels, while Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan need to increase the population for production efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.159-171
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated medical accessibility on optical stores and ophthalmic clinics of Seoul Special City and six other metropolitan cities. Methods: By using a number of households, population, optician stores, ophthalmic hospitals, and real estate (apartments) standard market price of Seoul Special City and six other metropolitan cities provided by the Commercial District Information System (2016.6) of Small Enterprise & Market Authority, we analyzed the level of healthcare accessibility and business area zones, Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0. Results: Inchon (household 2,227/population 5,723) had the highest household and population rate per optical store, and Gwangju (1,146/2,979) had the lowest. Gwangju (24,612/63,987) had the highest household and population rate per optical store, and Seoul (10,021/24,432) had the lowest. From the consumer and patient's point of view, lower household rate per optical store is a city with good accessibility to healthcare, but from an optical store and ophthalmic clinic's view, it will have great difficulty due to issues of competition. Conclusions: Consumers and patients should be the center of healthcare. A healthcare system that can provide smooth service anywhere anytime should be constructed. However, most metropolitan cities, including Seoul, have optical stores and ophthalmic clinics densely populated where profitability and liquidity are ensured and causing unbalanced distribution of healthcare. To solve such problems, we need proper distribution of optician stores according to the population proportion and industrial-educational research to find balance point of local healthcare.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.455-466
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• 2017

In Korea, property and human damages occur annually due to heavy precipitation during the summer. On August 8, 2015, heavy rainfall occurred in the Seoul metropolitan area due to an outflow boundary, and $77mmhr^{-1}$ rainfall was recorded in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province. In this study, the simulation of the WRF numerical model is performed to understand the cause and characteristics of heavy rainfall using the Conditional Instability of the Second Kind (CISK), potential vorticity (PV), frontogenesis function, and convective available potential energy (CAPE) analyses, etc. Convective cells initiated over the Shandong Peninsula and located on the downwind side of an upper level trough. Large amounts of water vapor were supplied to the Shandong Peninsula along the southwestern edge of a high pressure system, and from the remnants of typhoon Soudelor. The mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed through CISK process and moved over to the Yellow Sea. The outflow boundary from the MCS progressed east and pushed cold pool eastward. The warm and humid air over the Korean Peninsula further enhanced convective development. As a result, a new MCS developed rapidly over land. Because of the latent heat release due to convection and precipitation, strong potential vorticity was generated in the lower atmosphere. The rapid development of MCS and the heavy rainfall occurred in an area where the CAPE value was greater than $1300Jkg^{-1}$ and the fronto-genesis function value of 1.5 or greater coincided. The analysis result shows that the MCS driven by an outflow boundary can be identified using CISK process.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.425-437
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• 2020

In Korea, the proportion of self-employed and unpaid family workers is relatively higher than other OECD countries and the operation periods of their businesses are generally shorter than others. This indicates frequent startups and closures and thus unstable employment status and income, which inevitably generates huge social costs. Restaurants are a representative business that self-employed workers easily enter and their 5-year survival rate is found to be lower than 20%. This is shorter survival period than other business sectors. This study aims to examine the associations of transport accessibility with restaurants' survival in Gwangju metropolitan area. Convenient location has been known to be a crucial factor for sales improvements and longer operation and such location is closely linked with good transport accessibility. Results from survival analysis on empirical data show that better access to road networks is significantly associated with longer survival of restaurants though subway accessibility is not. This can be explained by low modal share of subway in the study area and at the same time, requires further case studies where more developed and matured subway systems are in operation.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.305-314
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on regional senior welfare policy setting for the elderly in the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas and on the development of senior welfare programs on the basis of the data of the 2019 community health survey conducted by Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The subjects in this study were 74,547 senior citizens who were at the ages of 65 and over as of 2019 and who were 17,423 from the metropolitan area and 57,124 from the nonmetropolitan areas. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 26.0. The findings of the study were as follows: As for the levels of happiness in the metropolitan area, happiness was better in the seniors who were aged 75 and up, who had spouses, whose income was larger and who engaged in economic activity. In the nonmetropolitan areas, happiness was better in the seniors who were aged 75 and up, who were better educated, who had spouses, whose income was larger and who engaged in economic activity. In terms of health behaviors and subjective health levels, more happiness was felt by the seniors who didn't smoke at present, who didn't suffer any subjective stress, who were at higher subjective health levels and higher subjective oral health levels and who had unmet health care needs, no matter whether they dwelled in the metropolitan or nonmetropolitan areas. In the nonmetropolitan areas, however, engaging in intensive physical activity and lower BMI were identified as the factors to affect happiness.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.157-164
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• 2011

This test is for checking investigation about quality control of general X-ray system in clinic and hospital. We compared general X-ray system of clinic and hospital which are selected freely in the metropolitan area using PMX-III and carried out quality control. Carried out Kilovoltage test, mR/mAs output test, Light filed/Beam alignment test, Half value layer test. Most of test result are appeared that failure rates of clinic is higher than hospital one. Therefore, we should lower failure rates through regular quality control and make environment which can get high quality image.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate a feasibility of a small mountain as a field work site on geological features in Earth sciences classes at all levels. Mt. Geumdang with the height of 305 meters from the sea level is located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju, southern part of Korea. The study reviews the human and natural geography, geological features, geomorphic resources, landscapes, and conveniences of the mountain for a possibility of meaningful field work. The population within the distance of 5 km from the mountain stands at about 620,000 and 170,000 of them are students and teachers. Mt. Geumdang has a warm temperature climate with low rainfall throughout the year, so it seems suitable for a field survey. Road network and public transportation system around the area are well-developed and easily accessible. Mt. Geumdang shows various rock type and geological structures. The basement rock is Gwangju granite, which is plutonic body of the Jurassic period. Also, granophyre (micrographic granite) and various volcanic rocks distributed as bedded tuff, lapilli tuff, and rhyolite of the Cretaceous period. Many andesitic and felsic dykes were intruded into the rock by joint system. In Mt. Geumdang, many geomorphic resources are found such as U shaped mountain, joint, fault, lamination, gnamma, tor, cliff, groove, block stream and block field, regolith, and saprolite. It has a beautiful mountain scenery including the view of whole shape of Mt. Mudeung, panoramic view of the town, Pungam lake, World Cup stadium and sunrise and sunset. Furthermore, the area has ecologic study facilities related to geology, emergency medical and convenience facilities for field works. In conclusion, Mt. Geumdang is highly feasible for geological field studies at all levels.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to estimate air quality trends in the study area by surveying monthly and seasonal concentration trends. To do this, the mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ samples and the metals, ions, and total carbon in the $PM_{10}$ were analyzed. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $33.9{\mu}g/m^3$. The composition of $PM_{10}$ was 39.2% ionic species, 5.1% metallic species, and 26.6% carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the $PM_{10}$ and had a high correlation coefficient with $PM_{10}$. Seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species. with high concentration during the winter and spring seasons. $PM_{10}$ showed high correlation with the ionic species $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$. In addition, $NH_4{^+}$ was highly correlated with $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$. We obtained four factors through factor analysis and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor accounted for 51.1% of $PM_{10}$ from complex sources, that is, soil, motor vehicles, and secondary particles: the second factor indicated marine sources; the third factor, industry-related sources; and the last factor, heating-related sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea because it was from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present, it is necessary to create a pollution profile for Korea.