• Title/Summary/Keyword: Gwanak

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The Daily Ozone Concentrations at Gwanak and City Hall: Measurement Data between 1996 and 2000 (관악과 시청의 요일별 오존 농도 : 1996∼2000년 측정자료)

  • 김정화;김용표
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.611-619
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    • 2003

  • Characteristics of the ozone concentrations in Seoul were analyzed for the data between May and September from 1996 to 2000. Observation data from 27 stations in Seoul are used. Among the results from 27 stations, representative results from 2 stations (City hall and Gwanak representing downtown and background areas of Seoul, respectively) are presented. The 24-hour average ozone concentrations of Gwanak (28.6 ppb) are higher than City hall (14.9 ppb). The 24-hour average ozone concentrations on Sunday are higher than other days at both sites. During weekday, the 24-hour average ozone concentrations on Wednesday are higher than other days. Although the mean of the I-hour daily maximum ozone concentrations at Gwanak is higher than City hall, the . ozone concentrations above 95th percentile at City hall are higher than Gwanak. As a result, the number of days on which the 1 - hour ozone concentration exceeding 100 ppb and 120 ppb at Gwanak (17 and 3) are lower than City hall (29 and 9). To sum up, both sites are VOCs limited region and the mean ozone concentration in Gwanak is higher because of the lower N0$_2$ concentration. But high ozone cases occur more frequently in City hall when conditions are right.

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Axillary Approach for Thyroidectomy under Operating Microscope (수술현미경하 액와접근 갑상선 절제술)

  • Choi, Jong-Ouck;Jun, Byung-Sun;Lee, Jang-Woo;Lee, Dong-Jin;Sohn, Hang-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.32-36
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    • 2007

  • Background and Objective：A post-operative hypertrophic scar of the anterior neck is the leading complaint of the patients who underwent conventional thyroid surgery. In order to minimize the post-operative scar of the anterior neck, we performed thyroidectomy via axillary approach using operating microscope and a specialized retractor to determine technical feasibility. Patients and Methods：From January 2005 to December 2006, we performed thyroidectomy via axillary approach under operating microscope(f=400mm, ${\times}2.5$；OPMI $pico^{(R)}$；Zeiss, Germany) for benign unilateral nodule in 25 cases(all female, average age 34.5yrs). Under general anesthesia less than 7cm of skin incision was made in the axilla of ipsilateral side. A subcutaneous tunnel went over the pectoralis major muscle and the clavicle, and then through the sternocleidomastoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle was excised. The area around the thyroid was sufficiently dissected, and then a retractor designed for exposure via axillary approach was placed within the tunnel and under operating microscope thyroidectomy was performed. Results：There were 17 cases of thyroid nodulectomy and 8 cases of subtotal lobectomy. The mean average operative time was 102.64minutes. Postoperative complications included one case of postoperative bleeding, one case of temporary vocal cord paralysis, two cases of delayed wound healing, two cases of paresthesia of shoulder and arm, and two cases of hypertrophic scar of the axilla. Postoperative histopathology includes 17 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia, six cases of cyst, and two cases of follicular adenoma. For all cases hospitalization period was two days. Conclusion：Thyroidectomy via axillary approach under operating microscope has a good cosmetic advantage without a post-operative scar of the anterior neck. The procedure is simple due to direct vision using operating microscope, easy to identify important structures by magnifying them, and therefore surgical time can be reduced.

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The Melodic Structure of Sangnyeongsan in Gwanak-yeongsanhoesang - Focused on the Relationship between Piri Melody and Daegeum yeoneum - (관악영산회상 중 상령산의 선율 구조 - 피리 선율과 대금 연음의 관계를 중심으로 -)

  • Yim, Hyun-Taek
    • (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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    • no.39
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    • pp.701-748
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    • 2019

  • Gwanak-yeongsanhoesang, called as Samhyeon-yeongsanhoesang or Pyojeongmanbangjigok, is played by the musical instrumental organization, Samhyeonyukgak or by a large scale wind ensemble added Sogeum and Ajaeng. This study aims to analyze the structure and form of Piri melody which plays major melody of Sangnyeongsan in Gwanak-yeongsanhoesang, and to examine the relationship between Piri melody and Daegeum yeoneum grasping the structure and function of yeoneum. In Sangnyeongsan of Gwanak-yeongsanhoesang, the criterion for grouping the phrases of Piri melody is yeoneum. Especially, Daegeum yeoneum carries out the function of finishing the phrase of Piri playing the major melody by ornamenting or extending it, and presenting the motives or motive elements of the next phrase while Piri rests. The types of a, b, g, and i in the various shapes of the minimum melodic fragment of Piri are important motive elements that constitute a phrase of Piri melody. Especially, main motive a-type (仲→無) contrasts with b type (林→潢) which forms a strong tension by transposing 2 degrees upward. In addition, a-type gradually descends towards the end of music by changing to g-type (仲→林) or to i-type (太→林) which is 3 degrees below, which is related to the gradual descent cadence of Korean traditional music. A phrase of Piri melody of Sangnyeongsan in Gwanak-yeongsanhoesang consists of a combination of the types a, b, g, i, and cadence (x-type), and each phrase is structured in the repeating tension-relaxation. Looking at the structure of Piri phrases by similar types, each phrase has a logical variation structure through the methods such as omission and addition of notes, and crossing of melodies. The shape of the minimum melodic fragment of Daegeum yeoneum can be divided into a back-yeoneum of a~b types and a front-yeoneum of x1~x3. The x-types ornament Jungnyeo (仲), the cadence tone of Piri melody or are simply used as the extending back-yeoneum, and types a and b have the function of a front-yeoneum that prepares the beginning of the next phrase of Piri melody. The combination types of the minimum melodic fragment of Daegeum yeoneum appear mostly as the shape of back-yeoneum + front-yeoneum. In addition, the front-yeoneum of the type a and b appears independently without back-yeoneum, and the x3 type has a shape of the back-yeoneum without the front-yeoneum. Looking at the structure of Daegeum yeoneum by similar types, it can be seen that Daegeum yeoneum is also composed of a variation structure of omission and addition of notes like Piri melody.