• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.912-924
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• 2002

Disease susceptibility is linked to nutritional status for a wide range of human and animal diseases. Nutritional status can influence both resistance (ability to resist the pathogen) and resilience (ability to tolerate or ameliorate the effects of the pathogen). This review focuses on the nutritional modulation of gastro-intestinal nematode infection in domestic ruminants, primarily sheep. It highlights the duality of the adverse consequences of infection on host nutritional status and the adverse consequences of poor host nutritional status on resistance to infection. Central to both phenomena is the complex, gut-based immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection. The potential for strategic nutritional supplementation to enhance host resistance and resilience is reviewed together with recent findings on responses to increased ME supply, and long term effects on host immunity of short term protein supplementation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.44.1-44.19
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• 2020

The human body is continuously threatened by pathogens, and the immune system must maintain a balance between fighting infection and becoming over-activated. Mucosal surfaces cover several anatomically diverse organs throughout the body, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and are directly exposed to the external environment. Various pathogens invade the body through mucosal surfaces, making the mucosa the frontline of immune defense. The immune systems of various mucosal tissues display distinctive features that reflect the tissues' anatomical and functional characteristics. This review discusses the cellular components that constitute the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; in particular, it highlights the complex interactions between epithelial and immune cells to induce Ag-specific immune responses in the lung and gut. This information on mucosal immunity may facilitate understanding of the defense mechanisms against infectious agents that invade mucosal surfaces, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and provide insight into effective vaccine development.

• 식품기술
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.535-543
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• 2010

장관은 우리 몸에서 가장 넓은 표면적을 가지고 있으며, 외부로부터 침입하는 이물에 대항하여 면역세포의 배치가 필수적이다. 항원과 만난 적이 없는 naive lymphocyte는 임파절 등 2차 임파기관의 수지세포(dendritic cell)가 임파구에 항원을 제시할 때 레티노인산(retinoic acid)을 생산하여 제공함으로써, 소장 조직에 특이적으로 임파구가 호밍(homing)하는 능력을 부여한다. 한편, 장에 있어서는 식품항원에 대한 면역반응을 억제할 필요가 있는데, RA는 T세포의 기능분화를 억제하여 면역관용의 성립에도 관여함이 밝혀졌다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2014

The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), and therefore it is also known as TNFRSF14 or CD270 (1,2). In recent years, we have focused on understanding HVEM function in the mucosa of the intestine, particularly on the role of HVEM in colitis pathogenesis, host defense and regulation of the microbiota (2-4). HVEM is an unusual TNF receptor because of its high expression levels in the gut epithelium, its capacity to bind ligands that are not members of the TNF super family, including immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160, and its bi-directional functionality, acting as a signaling receptor or as a ligand for the receptor BTLA. Clinically, Hvem recently was reported as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene as a result of genome wide association studies (5,6). This suggests HVEM could have a regulatory role influencing the regulation of epithelial barrier, host defense and the microbiota. Consistent with this, using mouse models, we have revealed how HVEM is involved in colitis pathogenesis, mucosal host defense and epithelial immunity (3,7). Although further studies are needed, our results provide the fundamental basis for understanding why Hvem is an IBD risk gene, and they confirm that HVEM is a mucosal gatekeeper with multiple regulatory functions in the mucosa.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary multi-strain probiotic (MSP) (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 + Bacillus subtillis UBBS14 + Saccharomyces boulardii Unique 28) on performance, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter related genes in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 256 (4×8×8) day-old CARIBRO Vishal commercial broiler chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments with 8 replicates each and having eight chicks in each replicate. Four dietary treatments were T₁ (negative control-basal diet), T₂ (positive control-antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate at 20 mg/kg diet), T₃ (MSP at 10⁷ colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed), and T₄ (MSP at 10⁸ CFU/g feed). Results: During 3 to 6 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks, the body weight gain increased significantly (p<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ groups. The feed intake significantly (p<0.05) reduced from T₁ to T₃ during 0 to 3 weeks and the feed conversion ratio also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄ during 0 to 6 weeks. The humoral and cell mediated immune response and the weight of immune organs were also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄. However, significant (p<0.05) dietary effects were observed on intestinal histo-morphometry of ileum in T₃ followed by T₄ and T₂. At 14 d post hatch, the relative gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT₁) and peptide transporter (PepT₁) showed a significant (p<0.05) up-regulating pattern in T₂, T₃, and T₄. Whereas, at 21 d post hatch, the gene expression of SGLT₁ and PepT₁ was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in MSP supplemented treatments T₃ and T₄. Conclusion: The supplementation of MSP at 10⁷ CFU/g diet showed significant effects with improved performance, immune response, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter genes. Thus, the MSP could be a suitable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in chicken diets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.612-620
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• 2022

Recent studies have revealed that probiotics and their metabolites are present under various conditions; however, the role of probiotic metabolites (i.e., postbiotics in pathological states) is controversial. Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we examined NK cell activation influenced by a postbiotics mixture in response to gut microbiome modulation in stress-induced mice. In vivo activation of NK cells increased in the postbiotics mixture treatment group in accordance with Th1/Th2 expression level. Meanwhile, the Red Ginseng treatment group, a reference group, showed very little expression of NK cell activation. Moreover, the postbiotics mixture treatment group in particular changed the gut microbiome composition. Although the exact role of the postbiotics mixture in regulating the immune system of stress-induced mice remains unclear, the postbiotics mixture-induced NK cell activation might have affected gut microbiome modulation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2003

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) has been shown to affect immune function. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CLA on the mice that treated prednisone. Mice were randomized into 6 groups and fed diet containing either 0(control, P), 0.5%(CLA1, CP1) or 1.5%(CLA2, CP2) CLA for Sweets. Before 1 week of finishing diet supplement CP1, CP2, and P group treated the prednisone by subcutaneous injection. The levels of serum immunoglobulin A, G, E, gut lumen s-IgA, MLN immunoglobulin A, body weight, mucosal protein was compared. The level of serum IgA in CLA1, CLA2, CP1, and CP2 group increased, while which of P group was decreased. The level of serum IgG in CLA 1 group increased, while which of the other group no differences. Serum IgE level showed no difference and the immunoglobulin production in MLN lymphocyte in CLA 1 group increased. The level of gut lumen s-IgA in P group showed decreased, while which of the other group showed no differences. These results support the view that CLA supplement partially enhance the cell-mediated immunity and overcome the immunosuppressive effect of prednisone.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2024

This review delved into the intricate relationship between the gastrointestinal microbiome and gastric cancer, particularly focusing on post-treatment alterations, notably following gastrectomy, and the effects of anticancer therapies. Following gastrectomy, analysis of fecal samples revealed an increased presence of oral cavity aerotolerant and bile acid-transforming bacteria in the intestine. Similar changes were observed in the gastric microbiome, highlighting significant alterations in taxon abundance and emphasizing the reciprocal interaction between the oral and gastric microbiomes. In contrast, the impact of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on the gut microbiome was subtle, although discernible differences were noted between treatment responders and non-responders. Certain bacterial taxa showed promise as potential prognostic markers. Notably, probiotics emerged as a promising approach for postgastrectomy recovery, displaying the capacity to alleviate inflammation, bolster immune responses, and maintain a healthy gut microbiome. Several strains, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium butyricum, exhibited favorable outcomes in postoperative patients, suggesting their potential roles in comprehensive patient care. In conclusion, understanding the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome and gastric cancer treatment offers prospects for predicting responses and enhancing postoperative recovery. Probiotics, with their positive impact on inflammation and immunity, have emerged as potential adjuncts in patient care. Continued research is imperative to fully harness the potential of microbiome-based interventions in the management of gastric cancer.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 2014

연구에서는 차세대염기서열분석법(Next Generation Sequencing)을 이용하여 상업적으로 농가에 가장 많이 보급되어 있는 요크셔와 랜드레이스를 포함한 두 종의 장내미생물생태 분석을 실시하였다. 박테리아의 16S rRNA 유전자는 분변샘플로부터 추출한 DNA에서 V4 지역을 증폭할 수 있도록 디자인된 유니버설 프라이머 세트를 이용하여 증폭되었다. 두 종에 대한 장내미생물생태 비교분석은 성장단계에 따라 차이를 보이는 반면, 종에 따른 차이는 거의 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만, 두 종간의 장내미생물생태 내에서 특정 미생물의 수가 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 요크셔는 특히 섬유질 소화를 통해 에너지 생산률을 높여준다고 보고된 바가 있는 Xylanibacter 속(Genus)의 미생물을 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 랜드레이스는 숙주 내에서 면역에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 Clostridium_IV 종을 상당히 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났으며, 반면 요크셔는 기회감염미생물들을 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 요크셔와 랜드레이스를 포함한 두 종간의 장내미 생물생태 비교분석을 통해 그 차이점이 종에 의한 차이보다는 성장단계에 따라 큰 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 두 종 사이에서 성장에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있는 몇 장내미생물의 수가 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

The intestinal immune system can discriminate between harmful and unharmful antigens and do not provoke productive immunity to unharmful antigen. Thus oral administration of antigen is one of classical methods for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in the periphery. Furthermore, oral tolerance has been investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders in human clinical trials. However, the detail mechanism of oral tolerance and contributing factors are not defined clearly at this time. Recent studies demonstrate unique types of immune cell that suppressing immune response, such as regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell. This article reviews the factors involved in oral tolerance and discusses our current understanding base on the recent literatures and our works.