• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate clinical factors of SQD syndrome by tracking plasma gut hormone (active ghrelin, active Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), pancreatic polypeptide(PP), total peptide YY(PYY)) profiling of pre-post prandial standard meal between SQD group and normal group. Methods A total of 24 adult participants were consecutively recruited on April 2014. They were diagnosed as either by SQD syndrome or normal by Spleen Qi Deficiency Questionnaire (SQDQ). On the experimental day, blood samplings of 2 ml were repeatedly collected at 6 points from 2 groups for measuring plasma levels of gut hormones. At every point, subjective appetite sensations were self-registered. Results & Conclusions 1. There were significantly lower subjective 'Appetite' (p=0.012) and higher 'Satiety' (p=0.012) in SQD group. At each time point, subjective 'Appetite' was significantly lower at 60 min after breakfast (p=0.034) and 'Satiety' were significantly higher at 15 min (p=0.020) and 120 min (p=0.044) after breakfast in SQD group. 2. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of gut hormones (active ghrelin, active GLP-1, PP, total PYY) between SQD and normal group. Also at each time point, there were no significant differences of plasma levels of gut hormones between SQD and normal group. 3. Changes in plasma levels of gut hormones compared to baseline were not significantly different at each time point between SQD and normal group. Plasma PYY levels compared to baseline increased in SQD group following 15 min and 30 min after breakfast but decreased in normal group. 4. Further investigation is needed to construct gut hormone profiling and in this perspective, we can approach evaluation tool on variable appetite in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) syndrome in the future.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this studay was to compare the eating-related index and the patterns of pre- and post-prandial gut hormone level in normal-overweight and obese subjects of Taeemin population. Methods: We enrolled healthy male participants who were diagnosed with Taeeumin by Sasang Constitutional diagnosis and who were normal-overweight ($18.5kg/m^2{\leq}$body mass index [BMI)< $25kg/m^2$) or obese ($25.0kg/m^2{\leq}$BMI< $30kg/m^2$). Eating behavior and gastrointestinal problems were assessed by using standardized scale. Subjective appetite ratings using visual analogue scales and the profiling of serum levels of ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed before and after a standard meal (6 time points: 30 minutes pre-prandial, immediately before meal, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes post-prandial). Results: Tewnty two healthy Taeeumin people classified as normal-overweight group or obese group are the final subjects. External eating score of Dutch eating behavior questionaire scores is higher in normal-overweight group than in obese group. The variations of subjective appetite ratings in obese group are smaller than in normal-overweight group. The pattern of ghrelin in normal-overweight group shows a high peak at 30 minutes post-prandial point, which is contrary to existing studies. The pattern of PYY in obese group decreases from 15 minutes post-prandial point and shows lower peak level, whereas in normal-overweight group shows increasing tendency from pre-prandial point until 30 minutes post-prandial point. Conclusions: There are differences in the eating-related index and the gut hormone patterns related to obesity.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1194-1202
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• 2012

최근에 발견된 Adiponectiin과 gut hormone은 지질대사와 인슐린 저항성, 그리고 식욕에 영향을 주는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 장기간 트레이닝을 한 고등학교 씨름선수 16명(경량급=8, 장사급=8)을 대상으로 일시적 운동을 실시하여, 운동 전 후의 혈중 Adiponectin과 Gut hormones 농도의 변화와 체중차이에 의한 농도에 차이가 있는지를 구명하고 체중의 차이가 운동의 효과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 구명하고자 하였다. 실험방법으로 일시적 운동프로그램은 40분간 걷기를 한 후, 5분간 all-out 달리기를 실시하였으며 운동 전 후에 혈액을 채혈하여 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과에서 Adiponectin과 Ghrelin의 농도는 경량급선수가 장사급선수보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며(p<.05), 인슐린의 농도에서는 반대로 장사급선수가 경량급선수보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 또한, 운동 전 후의 유의한 차이는 오직 글루카곤에서 운동 후에 유의하게 증가하였으며(p<.01), 다른 모든 변인에서 운동 전 후의 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구의 결과에서는 Adiponectin과 인슐린, Ghrelin 등의 혈중 농도에 대한 일시적인 운동 효과는 없었으며 체중 차이에 의해서 변화를 보였고, 글루카곤의 경우에만 일시적인 운동에 영향을 받아 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 Adiponectin과 인슐린, Ghrelin 등의 농도는 지속적인 운동의 효과와 체중 차이에 영향을 받는 것으로 생각되며 글루카곤은 일시적인 운동에도 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2021

Composition of the gut microbiota changes with aging and plays an important role in age-associated disease such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The gut microbiota composition oscillates through the day, and the disruption of their diurnal rhythm results in gut dysbiosis leading to metabolic and immune dysfunctions. It is well documented that circadian rhythm changes with age in several biological functions such as sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. However, it is not defined whether the diurnal pattern of gut microbial composition is affected by aging. To evaluate aging effects on the diurnal pattern of the gut microbiome, we evaluated the taxa profiles of cecal contents obtained from young and aged mice of both sexes at daytime and nighttime points by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At the phylum level, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and the relative abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Cyanobacteria were increased in aged male mice at night compared with that of young male mice. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Sutterellaceae, Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, and Parasutterella increased in aged female mice at night compared with that of young female mice. The Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group relative abundance increased in aged mice of both sexes but at opposite time points. These results showed the changes in diurnal patterns of gut microbial composition with aging, which varied depending on the sex of the host. We suggest that disturbed diurnal patterns of the gut microbiome can be a factor for the underlying mechanism of age-associated gut dysbiosis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2024

The LEPR (leptin receptor) genotype is associated with obesity. Gut microbiome composition differs between obese and non-obese adults. However, the impact of LEPR genotype on gut microbiome composition in humans has not yet been studied. In this study, the association between LEPR single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1173100, rs1137101, and rs790419) and the gut microbiome composition in 65 non-obese Korean adults was investigated. Leptin, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also measured in all participants. Mean ± SD (standard deviation) of age, body mass index, and leptin hormone levels of participants was 35.2 ± 8.1 years, 21.4 ± 1.8 kg/m², and 7989.1 ± 6687.4 pg/mL, respectively. Gut microbiome analysis was performed at the phylum level by 16S rRNA sequencing. Among the 11 phyla detected, only one showed significantly different relative abundances between LEPR genotypes. The relative abundance of Candidatus Saccharibacteria was higher in the G/A genotype group than in the G/G genotype group for the rs1137101 single nucleotide polymorphism (p=0.0322). Participant characteristics, including body mass index, leptin levels, and other lipid levels, were similar between the rs1137101 G/G and G/A genotypes. In addition, the relative abundances of Fusobacteria and Tenericutes showed significant positive relationship with plasma leptin concentrations (p=0.0036 and p=0.0000, respectively). In conclusion, LEPR genotype and gut microbiome may be associated even in normal-weight Korean adults. However, further studies with a greater number of obese adults are needed to confirm whether LEPR genotype is related to gut microbiome composition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.856-867
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• 2017

Supplement of dietary fibers (DF) is regarded as one of the most effective way to prevent and relieve chronic diseases caused by long-term intake of a high-fat diet in the current society. The health benefits of soluble dietary fibers (SDF) have been widely researched and applied, whereas the insoluble dietary fibers (IDF), which represent a higher proportion in plant food, were mistakenly thought to have effects only in fecal bulking. In this article, we proved the anti-obesity and glucose homeostasis improvement effects of IDF from pear pomace at first, and then the mechanisms responsible for these effects were analyzed. The preliminary study by real-time PCR and ELISA showed that this kind of IDF caused more changes in the gut microbiota compared with in satiety hormone or in hepatic metabolism. Further analysis of the gut microbiota by high-throughput amplicon sequencing showed IDF from pear pomace obviously improved the structure of the gut microbiota. Specifically, it promoted the growth of Bacteroidetes and inhibited the growth of Firmicutes. These results are coincident with previous hypothesis that the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes is negatively related with obesity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated IDF from pear pomace could prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats mainly by improving the structure of the gut microbiota.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2021

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by chronic abdominal pain and bowel habit changes. Although diverse complicated etiologies are involved in its pathogenesis, a dysregulated gut-brain axis may be an important factor. Red ginseng (RG), a traditional herbal medicine, is proven to have anti-inflammatory effects and improve brain function; however, these effects have not been investigated in IBS. Methods: Three-day intracolonic zymosan injections were used to induce post-infectious human IBS-like symptoms in mice. The animals were randomized to receive either phosphate-buffered saline (CG) or RG (30/100/300 mg/kg) for 10 days. Amitriptyline and sulfasalazine were used as positive controls. Macroscopic scoring was performed on day 4. Visceral pain and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by colorectal distension and elevated plus maze and open field tests, respectively, on day 10. Next-generation sequencing of gut microbiota was performed, and biomarkers involved in gut-brain axis responses were analyzed. Results: Compared to CG, RG significantly decreased the macroscopic score, frequency of visceral pain, and anxiety-like behavior in the IBS mice. These effects were comparable to those after sulfasalazine and amitriptyline treatments. Moreover, RG significantly increased the proliferation of beneficial microbes, including Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Parabacteroides goldsteinii. RG significantly suppressed expression of IL-1β and c-fos in the gut and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Further, it restored the plasma levels of corticosterone to within the normal range, accompanied by an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone. Conclusion: RG may be a potential therapeutic option for the management of human IBS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.2228-2236
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• 2017

During menopausal transition, the imbalance of estrogen causes body weight gain. Although gut microbiome dysbiosis has been reported in postmenopausal obesity, it is not clear whether there is any difference in the microbiome profile between dietary-induced obesity and postmenopausal obesity. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed intestinal samples from ovariectomized mice and compared them with those of mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. To further evaluate the presence of menopause-specific bacteria-gene interactions, we also analyzed the liver transcriptome. Investigation of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region amplicon sequence profile revealed that menopausal obesity and dietary obesity resulted in similar gut microbiome structures. However, Bifidobacterium animalis was exclusively observed in the ovariectomized mice, which indicated that menopausal obesity resulted in a different intestinal microbiome than dietary obesity. Additionally, several bacterial taxa (Dorea species, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Desulfovibrio species) were found when the ovariectomized mice were treated with a high-fat diet. A significant correlation between the above-mentioned menopause-specific bacteria and the genes for female hormone metabolism was also observed, suggesting the possibility of bacteria-gene interactions in menopausal obesity. Our findings revealed the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in menopausal obesity in the mouse model, which is very similar to the dietary obesity microbiome but having its own diagnostic bacteria.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 1995

도롱뇽(Hynobius leechii)의 위장관 내분비세포를 면역조직화학적으로 관찰하였던 바, BPP 면역반응세포는 유문부에서 중등도, 십이지장과 소장에서 소수로 관찰되었다. 중등도의 somatostatin 면역반응세포는 유문부에 국한되어 출현하였다. 5-HT 면역반응세포는 전장관에 걸쳐 출현하였으나 유문부에서 다수 그리고 직장에서 극소수로 분포하였다. 특히 BPP와 5-HT면역반응세포는 도롱뇽에서 최초로 동정하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.489-498
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 만성질환의 발병 위험성이 높은 직장 중년 비만여성을 대상으로, 낮은 강도의 혈류를 제한한 4주간의 걷기트레이닝이 인슐린저항성과 아디포카인, Gut 호르몬에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 구명하고자 한다. 연구의 대상자는 BMI $25kg/m^2$와 체지방률 30% 이상의 직장 중년 비만여성 11명으로 하였으며 혈류의 제한은 특수제작 된 공압식 가압벨트를 사용해 사지의 혈류를 제한하였다. 혈류를 제한한 걷기트레이닝은 대퇴부위 양쪽에 공압방식의 탄성벨트를 착용하고 압력을 조절하여 4주간, 주당 3일, 1일 2회 트레드밀을 이용하여 실시하였고 걷기프로그램은 4km/h의 속도와, 5%의 경사도로 2분 걷기와 1분 휴식으로 구성하여 총 5세트 반복하였다. 이 연구의 결과에서 4주간의 혈류를 제한한 걷기트레이닝 후, 인슐린의 농도는 유의하게 증가하였으나(p<.05) 글루코스의 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 HOMA-IR은 유의하게 감소되었다(p<.05). 아디포넥틴과 비스파틴의 농도는 트레이닝 후, 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 그렐린과 GLP-1의 농도는 모두 4주간의 혈류를 제한한 걷기트레이닝 후, 유의하게 감소되었다(p<.05). 이상의 결과에서, 4주간의 혈류를 제한한 걷기트레이닝은 직장 중년 비만여성들의 인슐린 저항성과 아디포카인, Gut 호르몬 변화에 효과가 있는 것으로 생각되며 이러한 결과는 낮은강도와 짧은 시간의 혈류를 제한한 트레이닝이 비만의 예방과 치료적 차원에서 긍정적 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.