• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2017

Background: Recent studies have revealed that the properties Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly associated with are substance and energy metabolism. Our study aimed to compare the effect of red ginseng (RG) (warm property) and ginseng leaves (GL; cold property) on the substance and energy metabolism of rats with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: Rats were administered propylthiouracil intraperitoneally for 20 d to cause hypothyroidism. The reference group was orally administered Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia [FZ (Fuzi in Chinese)], while both the RG and GL groups were orally administrated crude drugs. The rectal, tail, toe, and axilla temperature of the rats were assayed every 3 d. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure were measured via TSE phenoMaster/LabMaster animal monitoring system. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase, fumarase, pyruvic acid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate were determined. Results: The lower levels of triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the higher level of thyroid stimulating hormone revealed the successful establishment of a hypothyroidism model. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure in the FZ and RG groups were obviously increased. The activity of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase and fumarase in the FZ and RG groups was significantly increased. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in the FZ and RG groups was increased, while the GL group showed the opposite. Conclusion: Our research provides a new way to explore the efficiency of Chinese medicine on the basis of the relationship between drug property and effects on substance and energy metabolism.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2009

In presence of a polymer, the crystallization of low MW organic materials can be stopped at an intermediary step, where mesocrystals can be identified. A mesocrystal is defined as a superstructure of nanoparticles having polymer-adsorbed crystal faces on the scale of several hundred nanometers to micrometers. This study examined the effects of water soluble polymers and relevant parameters on the formation of guanosine-5'-monophosphate mesocrystals. It was observed in OM and SEM that GMP obtained in a polymer solution had a unique particle morphology different from the typical one of GMP. XRD analysis indicated that the polymer-directed crystallized GMP had a different polymorph of GMP. This result shows that the crystal structure of GMP can be changed by polymers. It was observed in TGA analysis that the polymer-directed crystallized GMP had a different water content, indicating a different type of hydrate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2021

The objective of this research was to evaluate the immune response to Salmonella Gallinarum experimentally infected layers fed with Guanosine 5'-monophosphate-chelated calcium and iron feed additives. Hy-Line brown, 34 week-olds layers were assigned to 3 groups; Group 1: basal diet feed, Group 2 (CaFe-GMP): basal diet feed mixed with chelated calcium and iron, and Group 3 (Fe-OCHT): basal diet feed mixed with chitosan for 4 weeks. There were challenged with 1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL of the cultured Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) by oral administration on 28th feeding days. After SG challenge, Flow cytometric profiles showed that the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte activation of Group 2 was much higher than Group 1 and Group 3 (P<0.05). In addition, the levels of interleukin-2 (13.37 mg/dl) and interferon-γ (2.35 mg/dl) in Group 2 were higher than Group 1 and Group 2. Populations of Lactic acid bacteria (3.5×10¹⁰ CFU/g) from cecum was highest observed in group 2. Re-isolation of SG from cecum in group 2 (8×10⁵ CFU/g) was lower than group 1 (1.83×10¹⁰ CFU/g). The result of this study demonstrated that CaFe-GMP feed additive may be one of the potential candidates to control salmonellosis and functional feeds in layers.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2001

HPLC separation of ionic samples tends to be more complicated and difficult to understand than that of non-ionic compounds. On the other hand, band spacing is much more easily manipulated for ionic than for neutral samples. Ion-suppression RP-HPLC method was used with organic modifier and aqueous buffer solution. In this work, five mononucleotides of cytidine-5-monophosphate (5-CMP) disodium salt, uridine-5-monophosphate disodium salt (5-UMP), guanosine-5-monophosphate disodium salt (5-GMP), inosine-5-monophosphate disodium salt (5-IMP), and adenosine-5-monophosphate disodium salt (5-AMP) were examined. Acetic acid and sodium phosphate were used as buffers, and methanol as an organic modifier. A new relationship between the retention factor and the buffer concentration at a fixed modifier content (5% of methanol) could be expressed by following: K = (k(sub)-1 + k(sub)0 (k(sub)B/k(sub)S)/(1 + (k(sub)B/k(sub)S) C(sub)B(sup)a), where C(sub)B was the concentration of buffer. Using this relationship, the calculated values closely matched the experimental data. The derived relationship showed that as the buffer concentration increased, the retention factor approached a certain value, and this was buffer dependent.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the effect of DMSO, a highly dipolar organic liquid, in collagen ($5{\mu}g/ml$)-stimulated platelet aggregation. DMSO inhibited platelet aggregation at 0.5% by inhibiting production of thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) which was associated with blocking cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity and $TXA_2$ synthase. In addition, DMSO significantly increased the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). On the other hand, DMSO (0.1~0.5% concentration) did not affect the LDH release which indicates the cytotoxicity. Based on these results, DMSO has anti-platelet effect by regulation of several platelet signaling pathways, therefore we suggest that DMSO could be a novel strategy on many thrombotic disorders.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2001

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the development of natural seasoning. The quality chatacteristics of water exacts from Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were determind. Also, savory taste, fragrance, color and overall preference was evaluated. The preference test on the seasonings prepared from Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes with the addition of sea tangle was also performed. The crude protein content of dried, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotur ostreatus was 20.4% and 30.4% respectively. The total organic acid contents were higher in Plourotus ostreatus than in Lentinus edodes extracts. The total free amino acid adn total nucleotide contents were higher in Pleurotus ostreatus than in Lentinus edodes extracts. Three nucleotide, adenosine monophosphate(AMP) , guanosine monophosphate(GMP), xanthine monophosphate(XMP) were found in mushroom seasonings while inosine monophosphate(IMP) was not detected. Pleurotus ostreatus extract showed higher score in savory taste and overall acceptability than Lentinus edodes extract, Pleurotur ostreatus seasoning added with 1% sea tangle and Lentinus edodes seasoning added with 1.5% sea tangle were rated as high in overall quality In a sensory test of foods cooked with mushroom seasoning. It was shown that panels in their twenties well used to the taste of monosodium glutamate while the people in their thirties preferred the specific flavor of the mushroom seasoning.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.573-578
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• 2005

Pyrimidine nucleotide N-ribosidase (pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide phosphoribo(deoxyribo)hydrolase/pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide nucleosidase, EC 3.2.2.10) catalyzes the breakdown of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide into pyrimidine base and ribose(deoxyribo)-5-phosphate. However, detailed characteristics of the enzyme have not yet been reported. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity 327.9-fold with an overall yield of $6.1\%$ from Pseudomonas oleovorans ATCC 8062. The enzyme catalyzed cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP), but not adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The enzyme optimally metabolized CMP at pH 6.0 and UMP at around 8.5, and the optimum temperature for the overall enzyme reaction was found to be $37^{\circ}C$. The $K_m$ values of the enzyme for CMP (at pH 6.0) and UMP (at pH 8.5) were 1.6 mM and 1.1 mM, respectively. AMP, deoxyCMP, and deoxyUMP were very effective inhibitors of the reaction. Double-reciprocal plots obtained in the absence and in the presence of AMP revealed that this inhibitory effect was of the mixed competitive type with respect to the breakdown of CMP and of the noncompetitive type with respect to the breakdown of UMP. In the presence of AMP, the enzyme followed sigmoid kinetics with respect to each substrate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.601-606
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• 2007

The chromatographic behaviors of nucleotides (inosine 5'-monophosphate, uridine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, and thymine monophosphate disodium salts) on a C18 column were studied with different types of ionic liquids (ILs) as additives for the mobile phase in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Three ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIm][BF4]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate ([EMIm][MS]), were used. Eluents were composed of water and methanol (90/10%, vol) with the addition of 0.5-13.0 mM of ILs. The effects of the concentration of ILs on retention and separation were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the addition of ILs affects the retention and resolution of the tested compounds. Use of 13.0 mM of [BMIm][BF4] as the eluent modifier resulted in a baseline separation of nucleotides without requiring gradient elution. This study demonstrates that ILs can be potentially applied as a mobile phase modifier in RPLC.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.298-305
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• 2019

Cudrania tricuspidata has been reported to have many biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. However, the effects of C. tricuspidata root extract (CTE) on human platelet aggregation induced by collagen as well as the signaling pathways involved remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CTE on human platelets. CTE inhibited platelet aggregation via down-regulation of thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) by blocking cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization in collagen-induced platelets. CTE also reduced the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC) γ2 and syk. CTE regulated platelet aggregation via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser²³⁹. In addition, administration of CTE (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced hyper-aggregated platelet aggregation by collagen (5 ㎍/mL) without hepatotoxicity in HFD (high fat diet)-fed rats. Taken together, these results suggest that CTE has anti-platelet effects both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CTE may be an effective therapeutic and preventive agent for cardiovascular disease, and is a safe and natural product.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.270-272
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• 1985

The rate constants of the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of 8-CH groups in 5'-rAMP and 5'-GMP were measured by laser Raman spectroscopy. The Arrhenius activation energies calculated from the rate constants measured as a function of temperature were similar for both compounds. However, the effects of pD on exchange rate constants were different for the two compounds. Our kinetic data support the exchange reaction mechanism involving an ylide type intermediate.