• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant growth inhibitors on "Penncross" creeping bentgrass in the green of golf course for increasing the summer quality. Chlormequat chloride (C) 250$\times$, 500$\times$, 1000$\times$, daminozide (D) 50$\times$, 100$\times$, 200$\times$, paclobutralzol (P) 1000$\times$, 2000$\times$, 4000$\times$, trinexpac-ethyl (T) 1000$\times$, 2000$\times$, 4000$\times$, uniconazole (U) 25$\times$, 50$\times$, 100$\times$ with three concentrations, respectively, were applied to creeping bentgrass. The leaf length, leaf width, and internode length of stolon were inhibited by all plant growth retardants applied as compared to that of control in which D-50, T-2000, and trinexpac-ethyl were the most effective among treatments on the inhibition of leaf length and internode length of stolen, respectively. Leaf thickness increased more in the treatments of C-250, D-50. T-2000 and T-4000 than any other treatments. On the other hand, shoot density which was represented by number of leaves per unit area was found to be the highest in P-2000 and P-4000 treatment. In this case, all plant growth retardants with no significant differences showed increase of 15-20% in density as compared to control. Total dry weight increment was higher in P-2000 and P-4000 while leaf dry weight increment was higher in T-4000. and U-25 and 50 than other treatments. According to the visual evaluation for the purpose of turf quality measurement, it was found that paclo-butralzol, trinexpac-ethyl and uniconazole were not suitable for green maintenance and extension because of making leaves to yellow. In conclusion, it was postulated that C-250, D-50, and T-4000 had possibility to use practically in the green area of golf course.lf course.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of several plant growth retardants on endogenous ABA-like substance content and GA-like substance activity in seedlings of Sedirea japonica cultured in vitro. When seedlings of Sedirea japonica were treated with low concentration of 0.05 mg/L Uniconazole, 0.1 mg/L Ancymidol and 0.3 mg/L Paclobutrazol, the content of ABA-like substances of the leaf was lower than that of the control. However, the activity of GA-like substances was similar or higher in treated seedlings. In the mid and high concentrations of three kinds of growth retardants, the ABA-like substance content was increased, but GA-like substance activity was inhibited. The content of ABA-like substances in the root was lower in 0.05 and 0.2 mg/L Uniconazole, 0.2 mg/L Ancymidol and 0.1 mg/L Paclobutrazol treatments than that of the control, but in the mid and high concentration treatments, the content was increased. GA-like substance activity in low concentration was increased but in the mid and high concentration, the activity was inhibited compared with low concentration treatment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2003

Callus cultures of Azadirachta indica flower petals were established on MS medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (1 mg/L), kinetin (0.5 mg/L) and sucrose $(3\%\;w/v)$. Cell cultures of Azadirachta indica were established and studied the growth and production kinetics. Half 85 medium supplemented with dicamba (2 mg/L), kinetin (1 mg/L) and sucrose $(3\%\;w/v)$ was found to be suitable for initiation and maintenance of cell cultures from the calli. MS medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1 mg/L), kinetin (0.5 mg/L) and sucrose $(3\%\;w/v)$ was found to be suitable as production medium. Around $80\%\;(0.05\%\;w/v)$ of azadirachtin was found to be intracellular. The effect of various precursors, elicitors, permeabilizing agents and growth retardants in cell cultures was studied. The addition of precursors sodium acetate (10 mg/L), squalene (10 mg/L), isopentenyl pyrophosphate (1 mg/L) and geranyl pyrophosphate (1 mg/L) to the cell cultures on day 3 has shown significant increase in bioproduction of azadirachtin $(64.94{\pm}4.40\;mg/L,\;72.81{\pm}0.04\;mg/L,\;51.63{\pm}1.26\;mg/L\;and\;30.70{\pm}0.28\;mg/L\;respectively)$ over the control cultures $(4.70{\pm}0.27 mg/L)$. $5\%$ v/v cell extracts of Fusarium solani has shown moderate increase in the content of azadirachtin $(5.71{\pm}0.34\;mg/L)$ when compared to control cultures $(2.40{\pm}0.56\;mg/L)$. The addition of methyl jasmonate $(500\;{\mu}M/L)$ on day 3 has shown $\~4$ fold improvement in bioproduction of azadirachtln $(6.92{\pm}0.11\;mg/L)$ when compared to control cultures $(1.63{\pm}0.02\;mg/L)$. There was no significant effect of the studied growth retardants and permeabilizing agents on bioproduction of azadirachtin. Cells are cultivated in large volumes using the effective precursors.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.823-826
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of plant growth retardants (daminozide, chlormequat, hexaconazole, uniconazole, paclobutrazole) and fungicides of triazole chemical (microbutanil, difenoconazole, terbuconazole, bitertanol) on the rooting of 'New Guinea' impatiens cuttings. In both 'Papete' and 'Anguilla', the formation of adventitious roots was promoted by all concentrations of chlormequat, hexaconazole, uniconazole, and paclobutrazole treated. More adventitious roots were formed with hexaconazole, uniconazole, and paclobutrazole than with chlormequat. Length of the longest root and rooting zone decreased at higher concentrations of chlormequat, hexaconazole, uniconazole, and paclobutrazole in 'Papete', while 'Anguilla' showed less responses. In contrast with plant growth retardants, the formation of adventitious roots was remarkably promoted by fungicides of triazole chemical such as microbutanil, difenoconazole, terbuconazole, and bitertanol in 'Pepete' and 'Martinique' impatiens, but was not in 'Pagopago'. However, length of the longest root and rooting zone showed more sensitive response in 'Martinique' and 'Pagopago' than in 'Pepete'. These results suggest that fungicides of triazole chemical can be effectively used for rooting promotion of impatiens cuttings.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 1989

Native Kerean lawngrass (Zeysia japonica steud.) and Manilagrass ( Zeysia matrella Merr.) are frequently used as sport turf and lawn in Kerea and ether Asian countries because of its excellent summer qualities and superior winter-hardiness compared to ether warm-season turfgrass . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the plant growth retardants ( PGR ) en the inhibition (d the growth of the two Kerean native turfgrasses. Kerean lawngrass and Manilagrass were treated with [2 RS , 3 RS] -1- [4- chlorophenyl ] -4, 4-dimethyl -2- [1 H -1, 2, 4- tiazol -1- y] pentan -3- ol ( PP -333) at 93 and 930 gha -j ; 5-[4- chlorphenyl ]-3, 4, 5, 9, 10- peiitaaza - tetracyclo [5, 4, 1, 0 2 6 . o ~'~I -3, 9- diene ( BAS -106) at 16 and 160 gha ; [ E I-] - cyclohexyl -4, 4- dimethyl -2- [1, 2, 4- triazol -1- yl ]-1-pentene - 3- ol ( NTN -821) at 56 and 560 gha ', and 4- chloro -2- [$\alpha$- hydrozybenzy I isonicotin anilide ( CGR -811) at 92 gha in pot study . All PGR treatments were effective in reducing the plant height, with the exception of BAS -106 at 16 gha for Korean lawngrass ; however , all increased quality to some degree , with the exception of PP -333 at 93 gha . The low PGR rates significantly increased Korean lawngrass height during late jtily aitd mid-August . On the other hand , BAS -106 significantly increased Manilagrass height {rom 24 Septeml)er onwards . All PGR treatments haol higher turfgrass quality than untreatments , and also the high rates of PGIt treatments were more effective in increasing quality than the low rates observed on 8 October . Meanwhile , Manilagrass quality was increased to some extent than Korean lawegrass . PP - 333 was significantly effective in reducing clipping yield and the same results were found with the application of NTN -821 at 560 gha -l for both Korean lawngrass and Manilagrass , BAS -106 at 160 gha for Korean lawegrass , and CGR -811 at 92 gha for Manilagrass . The high PGR rates had higher turfgrass shoot weight observed on 8 October than the low rates , and there were little increases obtained with the low rates of PP -333 for Korean lawngrass and BAS - 1 06 for Manilagrass . Effeets on stolon growth varied between growth retardants , and between retardant treatments ; the high rates of PGR as well as the low rate of NTN -821 elongated stolon of Korean lawngrass and manoilagrass . However , PP -333 at 93 gha and BAS -106 at 16 gha - shortened stolons of Korean lawugrass , resulting in inhibition or little difference of stolon dry weight . NTN -821 at 560 gha and CGR -811 had no positive effect on the stolon length of Manilagrass . 101) -333 and the low rate of BAS -106 and NTN -821 decreased root weight of Korean lawng - rass All PGR rates had negative effect on the root weight of Manilagrass with the exception of BAS -106 CR -811 and the high rate of NTN -821 which made no difference in root weight between retarolant treatments and the control .

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.574-578
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• 2001

The effects of seed soaking (8 and 24 hours) and foliar spray of plant growth retardants (daminozide, chlormequat and uniconazole) on growth control in zinnia were investigated. For seed soaking of 'Dream Land Rose', the changes in plant height was not affected by seed soaking time (8 and 24 hours), while it was severely suppressed by high concentration of chemicals tested. An application of $125mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ uniconazole was most effective for plant height suppression. Flowering was promoted by all treatments of chemicals. However, for 'Dream Land Scarlet', plant height control at 24 hours seed soaking showed more effective than 8 hours, and all treatments of chemicals decreased plant height. Uniconazole gave the best result for plant height control. Flowering tended to be hastened by the treatment of chemicals. For foliar spray, plant height was remarkably decreased at high concentration of uniconazole. Flowering was promoted by chlormequat and uniconazole in both 'Dream Land Rose' and 'Dream Land Scarlet'. Also, daminozide decreased number of petals.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.234-238
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth retardants such as CCC and diniconazole in grafted cactus for control shipping product of grafted cactus, which had high degree of dependence upon export. The PGRs were 50, 100, 150 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ CCC and diniconazole, respectively. Treatment of diniconazole and CCC not reduced diameter on Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii but number of tubercle reduced significantly according to the increase of diniconazole treatment, control was 7.2 tubercles, but with 100 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ diniconazole was 6.4 tubercles. Treatment of diniconazole and CCC reduced significantly diameter and tubercle number on Chamaecereus silvestrii f. variegata at higher concentration. Diameter and height reduced significantly the treatment of CCC with 3.3 and 13.4 mm of 150 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Dry weight of root, rootstock and scion decreased at higher concentrations of CCC and diniconazole in Chamaecereus silvestrii f. variegata. The most effective method of plant growth retardants for controlling of shipping time was the 150 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ CCC treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.573-579
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate growth and flowering characteristics of Celosia argentea native to Korea treated by pinching and growth retardants, diniconazole, hexaconazole and daminozide. The more increased from one to three times of pinching, the more decreased in plant height and internode length but increased number of spadix and lateral branch. Spray application of diniconazole $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and daminozide $6,800mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ decreased plant height, internode length and leaflength, but increased number of spadix, number of leaves and number of lateral branch.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stem node number, pinching time and growth retardants on the growth of Coreopsis spp. and Dianthus spp. Thy day of seedings are not passed period of 4 weeks after seedlings in the Cutting number and the days seedlings of joint experiments of Coreopsis spp. 2 node ranches treatment of Coreopsis spp. are reasonable valuable as ornamental pot product. Pinching time of Coreopsis spp. was more effectiveis on lateral and growth inhibition in the two times pinching treatment. It is observed that plant growth inhibitors was affected the growth of Coreopsis spp. It is observed that B-9 treatment is the effective plants growth and differentiation, especially the 2 times treatment with 4,000 ppm was the most effective. On the other hand, CCC treatment showed significant differences. B-9 treatment of Coreopsis spp was more effectived than the other treatment. Pinching and plant growth inhibitors of Dianthus spp. was not good the growth and plant height. Compared with B-9 4,000 ppm 2 times and control increased leaves extremely. it confirmed that the things are positively affective.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.75-77
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• 1999