• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

This paper examines the changing roles of ownership in the economic growth by using a panel data set of 30 provinces in China for the period (1999-2010). With the use of absolute and relative presence variables, this study shows that private enterprises have emerged as the engine of economic growth in China in the later period (2005-2010). The growing size and number of private enterprises are positively linked to growth. However, though foreign-invested enterprises have been acclaimed as the main contributors to economic growth in China, they have minimal effect on the economic growth in the later period. State-owned enterprises have a significant and negative effect on the economic growth in the later period. The results can be interpreted that the engine of growth in China has been changed over time from other ownerships to private ownership. Private companies have developed a lot in every respect and started to lead the economy for long-run growth. China initiated its economic growth by adopting foreign capital and it is still the top destination for foreign direct investment among developing countries. However, to sustain the growth over a long period, private sector should be of great importance and perform a key role in the view of catch-up economics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 1994

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the potentiality of continuous utili~ation (first cutting in the late fall and regrowth yield in next spring) of forage rape seeded in fall. Fresh yield and the content of nitrogenous compound in leaves and roots were measured during a growth period. Fresh yield accumulation was very low between the late fall(470kg/10a) and the early regrowth period( 1.070kg /IOa). Total nitrogen content in leaves until the wintering period was decreased from 4.71% to 3.70%. while that in roots slightly increased during this period. The highest content(4.84%) in roots was observed in the early regrowth period, and then rapidly decreased as growth advanced. Protein-N was the largest pool of nitrogenous compound in leaves and roots through entire growth period, Its content in leaves decreased until the wintering period (Feb. 4), and then increased until the bolting stage(Apr. 10). Protein-N in roots highly accumulated from the late fall(11.1mg/gDM) to the early regrowth period(l6.9mg/gDM), and then decreased until the early tlowering stage. The content of amino acid-N in leaves showed a little change with a range from 5.7 to 8.5mgIgDM during entire growth period, while that in roots rapidly decreased from early regrowth period. The content of $NO_3$-N decreased from 7.0 to 4.3mglgDM in leaves, while increased from 0.9 to 2.3mg/gDM in roots from the late fall to the wintering period. 7he content of $NH_4$-N was lower and less varillble than other nitrogen compound during entire growth period. The results clearly showed that protein-N was the main storage form and highly accumulated in roots of overwintering forage rape.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

To analyze the developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons, wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the digastric muscle and visualized the retrogradely HRP-labeled motoneurons through tungstate/tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and following diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactions. The results obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 1 (P1), 10 (P10) and 30 (P30) indicated as follows: firstly, soma diameters of digastric motoneurons showed unimodal distribution in all postnatal days examined; secondly, the period of P1 to P10 (period 1) showed about 2 times faster growth rate than that of P10 to P30 (period 2); thirdly, the smallest soma examined in each postnatal day exhibited slower growth rate with that of the largest one (increase ratio in soma diameters from P1 to P30, smallest vs. largest = 1.62 : 1.93); Finally, relative growth rates a day showed again that period 1 had faster growth rate than that of period 2. Consequently, developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons resulted in very different growth rates between both periods. This implies that the growth of the soma is almost completing within P10 and thereafter growing slowly. The period 1 and 2 are corresponding to sucking and sucking/masticatory period, respectively. Therefore present study providing morphological changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons suggests that both periods and their different growth rates of the motoneurons in each period may closely be related with each other.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 1992

For the analysis of the relative grouch of six body pans, such as carapace width. abdominal length, abdominal width, cheliped length, second pereiopod length and third pereiopod length, to the carapace length of crayfish (Comboroides similis Koelbel), the equation Y = bXa were applied. The results were as follows: 1. In the relative srourth of each body part to the carapace length, abdominal width and abdomial length in both sexes showed as positive allometrv, the third pereiopod length in both sexes as isometry and the rest shouted as negative. The least coefficient of the relative growth was found in cheliped length in female (0.9300).2. The grolwth gradient of each body part to the carapace length in each sex revealed decreasing pattern in abdominal length and third pereiopod length in both sexes and the abdominal width in male with the growth centers on the initial growth period. and the rest showed increasing pattern with the growth centers on the 6th growvth period except the abdomini,d uridth in female on the 3rd growth period.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.143-149
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• 1975

For the evaluation of drought resistance of the plant, the growth of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. var. japonica Nakai was analyzed by the control of water content of soil: 1. The growth of leaf, stem and root showed high value in accordance with the increase of soil water content. 2. The formation of nodule was alos increased as the content of soil water became higher. 3. The highest water content of the plant was shown in the plots of 30 and 40% of water centent in soils and in the middle of the growing period (August-September). 4. The C/F ratio in the early period of the growth(July) was similar in each plot, but showed a higher value as the water centent of soil became higher at the later period(October). 5. The T/R ration increased in early period of the growth as the soil water content became higher, but it was decreased to the value of 1 in each plot.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8673-8678
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• 2015

This study is on the development of the growth diagnosis system for tomato. We defined the key index which affect to the growth of the tomato. Using the key index, we can make a diagnosis the status of the growth and take action to tomato. The index consists of Measure Index(MI) which is used to confirm the status of the tomato using the continuous growth check and Period Index(PI) which decide to the step whether vegetation period or reproductive growth period of the tomato. The system supports MI and PI recording module using the observation diary. In case of MI, the diagnosis is the result of the comparing work with the observed data and the standard value of MI. A a result of diagnosis, the system provides the action information. The system implemented to extend to the other plants. Using the system, Farms may be expected to enhance the productivity.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2013

In mammals, puberty is a process of acquiring reproductive competence, triggering by activation of hypothalamic kisspeptin (KiSS)-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal circuit. During peripubertal period, not only the external genitalia but the internal reproductive organs have to be matured in response to the hormonal signals from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (H-P-G) axis. In the present study, we evaluated the maturation of male rat accessory sex organs during the peripubertal period using tissue weight measurement, histological analysis and RT-PCR assay. Male rats were sacrificed at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 70 postnatal days (PND). The rat accessory sex organs exhibited differential growth patterns compared to those of non-reproductive organs. The growth rate of the accessory sex organs were much higher than the those of non-reproductive organs. Also, the growth spurts occurred differentially even among the accessory sex organs; the order of prepubertal organ growth spurts is testis = epididymis > seminal vesicle = prostate. Histological study revealed that the presence of sperms in seminiferous tubules and epididymal ducts at day 50, indicating the puberty onset. The number of duct and the volume of duct in epididymis and prostate were inversely correlated during the experimental period. Our RT-PCR revealed that the levels of hypothalamic GnRH transcript were increased significantly on PND 40, suggesting the activation of hypothalamic GnRH pulse-generator before puberty onset. Studies on the peripubertal male accessory sex organs will provide useful references on the growth regulation mechanism which is differentially regulated during the period in androgen-sensitive organs. The detailed references will render easier development of endocrine disruption assay.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.165-173
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• 2016

Purpose: To identify the effects of modified parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN) regimens on the growth of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: The study included VLBW infants weighing <1,500 g, admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital between October 2010 and April 2014, who were alive at the time of discharge. Subjects were divided according to 3 periods: period 1 (n=37); prior to the PN and EN regimen being modified, period 2 (n=50); following the PN-only regimen modification, period 3 (n=37); following both PN and EN regimen modification. The modified PN regimen provided 3 g/kg/day of protein and 1 g/kg/day of lipid on the first day of life. The modified EN regimen provided 3.5-4.5 g/kg/day of protein and 150 kcal/kg/day of energy. We investigated growth rate, anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and the incidence of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) at 40 weeks PCA. Results: Across the 3 periods, clinical characteristics, including gestational age, anthropometric measurements at birth, multiple births, sex, Apgar score, surfactant use and PDA treatment, were similar. Growth rates for weight and height, from time of full enteral feeding to 40 weeks PCA, were higher in period 3. Anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks PCA were greatest in period 3. Incidence of weight, height and head circumference EUGR at 40 weeks PCA decreased in period 3. Conclusion: Beginning PN earlier, with a greater supply of protein and energy during PN and EN, is advantageous for postnatal growth in VLBW infants.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.449-465
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyze the causal relationship between exports and regional economic growth based on the provincial data over the period from 1952 to 2004. To reflect the regional and chronical characteristics, this paper divides China into three regions; Eastern, Central and Western regions, and also the whole period into two sub-periods; before and after 1979 when the Open-door policy(ODP) was initiated and applies Granger causality analysis. The Granger causality tests showed that exports Granger cause economic growth in the Eastern region, but not in the Central and Western regions, as a whole. When the period is divided, in the Eastern region, causal relation between the two variables was not found before the Open-door policy. For the second period, however it turns out that exports cause the region's economic growth. This result is consent with the fact that the region has been a main beneficiary of the policy. For the Central region, the tests showed no causality in the pre-ODP period, but significant bidirectional causality in the post-ODP period. Meanwhile, in the Western region, exports turned out causing economic growth significantly before the ODP, while economic growth appeared to causing trade after the ODP.