• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-171
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• 2018

Laos' 2017 is a year of political "stagnation" and economic "change". In the political arena, despite the achievements such as the improvement of the corruption perception index (CPI), it is necessary to watch the progress of the reform. Diplomatically, the influence of China is expected to increase further. In particular, since November 2017, Xi Jinping's visit to Laos is expected to strengthen the framework of cooperation between the economic corridor and Lanchang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting. And Laos continued to have friendly relations with other neighboring countries, the ASEAN countries. However, the issue of the Laos-Cambodian border issue following the general election in Cambodia may recur. The economic sector maintained a high growth rate due to capital inflows from the construction of large infrastructures and the favorable tourism industry, but structural problems such as deficits in the fiscal and current account should be resolved. Korea and Laos discussed the comprehensive cooperation between the two countries through the Mekong Senior Officials' Meeting in March 2017 and the Ministerial Meeting of the Korean-Lao Foreign Minister in September 2017. Laos is Korea's eighth ODA aid (grant), and ODA will become an important diplomatic cooperation channel between the two countries in the future. In the economic relationship, the trade sector is on a declining trend, but investment and human exchanges are steadily increasing.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2021

Gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland mucosa type (GA-FGM) was proposed as a new variant of gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type (GA-FG). However, at present, the influence of Helicobacter pylori and the speed of progression and degree of malignancy in GA-FGM remain unclear. Herein, we report the first case of intramucosal GA-FGM that was endoscopically observed before and after H. pylori eradication over 15 years. The lesion showed the same tumor size with no submucosal invasion and a low MIB-1 labeling index 15 years after its detection using endoscopy. The endoscopic morphology changed from 0-IIa before H. pylori eradication to 0-IIa+IIc and then 0-I after H. pylori eradication. These findings suggest that the unaltered tumor size reflects low-grade malignancy and slow growth, and that the endoscopic morphology is influenced by H. pylori eradication.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1277-1290
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• 2020

Water resources which is formed of surface and groundwater, are considered as one of the pivotal natural resources worldwide. Since last century, the rapid population growth as well as accelerated industrialization and explosive urbanization lead to boost demand for groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use. In fact, better management of groundwater can play crucial role in sustainable development; therefore, determining accurate location of groundwater based groundwater potential mapping is indispensable. In recent years, integration of machine learning techniques, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are popular and effective methods employed for groundwater potential mapping. For determining the status of the integrated approach, a systematic review of 94 directly relevant papers were carried out over the six previous years (2015-2020). According to the literature review, the number of studies published annually increased rapidly over time. The total study area spanned 15 countries, and 85.1% of studies focused on Iran, India, China, South Korea, and Iraq. 20 variables were found to be frequently involved in groundwater potential investigations, of which 9 factors are almost always present namely slope, lithology (geology), land use/land cover (LU/LC), drainage/river density, altitude (elevation), topographic wetness index (TWI), distance from river, rainfall, and aspect. The data integration was carried random forest, support vector machine and boost regression tree among the machine learning techniques. Our study shows that for optimal results, groundwater mapping must be used as a tool to complement field work, rather than a low-cost substitute. Consequently, more study should be conducted to enhance the generalization and precision of groundwater potential map.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2021

The habitat characteristics and feeding ecology of the Siberian stone loach Barbatula toni were investigated in Bukcheon (Stream), Eocheonri, Ganseong-eup, Goseong-gun, and Gangwon-do, Korea from January to December 2013. B. toni lived in rapids or slow rapids from the upper stream to downstream, with the largest number of inhabitants in the middle-downstream regions. As a result of analyzing habitat preferences by age, 0+ and 1+ to ≥3+ showed differences. Ages of 0+(juveniles) lived mainly in rapidly flowing water (37.6±26.79 cm/sec) and low water depths (13.3±9.47 cm) in the pebble bottoms (substratum particle size 9.5±6.66 cm), but ages 1+ to ≥3+ lived mainly in relatively slowly flowing water (13.3±17.33 cm/sec) and relatively deep depths (25.9±10.31 cm) in stone and large stone bottoms (substratum particle size 18.0±7.63 cm). B. toni was mainly eaten from March to December when the temperature was above 5℃, and the amount of food eaten peaked in June and October. Their main food sources analyzed by the index of relative importance (IRI) included Diptera (57.0%), Ephemeroptera (29.3%), and Trichoptera (13.5%). The juveniles (age 0+) fed on small-sized prey such as Diptera and Trichoptera whales, but as they grew, they mainly ate large-sized Ephemeroptera. These feeding habits and changes in food according to the growth of B. toni were very similar to those of sibling species, B. nuda.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.549-566
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• 2022

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has progressed rapidly, and industries using this technology are significantly increasing. Further, analysis research using text mining, which is an application of artificial intelligence, is being actively developed in the field of social science research. About 125 laws, including joint laws, have been enacted under the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in various sectors including marine environment, fisheries, ships, fishing villages, ports, etc. Research on the laws under the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries has been progressively conducted, and is steadily increasing quantitatively. In this study, the domestic research trends were analyzed through text mining, targeting the research papers related to laws of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. As part of this research method, first, topic modeling which is a type of text mining was performed to identify potential topics. Second, co-occurrence network analysis was performed, focusing on the keywords in the research papers dealing with specific laws to derive the key themes covered. Finally, author network analysis was performed to explore social networks among authors. The results showed that key topics have been changed by period, and subjects were explored by targeting Ship Safety Law, Marine Environment Management Law, Fisheries Law, etc. Furthermore, in this study, core researchers were selected based on author network analysis, and the tendency for joint research performed by authors was identified. Through this study, changes in the topics for research related to the laws of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries were identified up to date, and it is expected that future research topics will be further diversified, and there will be growth of quantitative and qualitative research in the field of oceans and fisheries.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2022

Throughout this research course, we have analyzed the financial situation of more than 2,700 companies using credit evaluation disclosures from 2017 to 2019. The population was gathered based on the certification of Ppuri companies and Ppuri Expertise companies through the Korea National Ppuri Industry Center, accompanied by the NICE credit evaluation index. For the first time in Korea, we wanted to look at growth, profitability, and stability through financial analysis of the Ppuri industry. Through an indepth analysis, we identified operating income (rate), net income (rate), asset size, and debt ratio, along with three years of Ppuri company workers and total sales fluctuations, and looked at the financial structure per capita. In addition, financial status per person was compared by dividing Ppuri companies into six groups by employee size. Groups were 10 or fewer people, 11 to 20 people, 21 to 50 people, 51 to 200 people, 201-300 people, and 300 or more people; single individual companies were excluded for research convenience. Overall, the financial situation of Ppuri companies was judged to be in a very bad downturn, and financial indicators deteriorated over the course of the three years of investigation. In particular, the smaller the number of employees, the greater the financial fluctuations were and the worse the situations were. Among Ppuri companies, the casting industry, which is the technical starting point for the value chain of the industry, was found to also be in a very bad state, with continued workforce declines, total assets and sales reductions at severe levels, and operating income (rate) and net income (rate) also very poor. This is why we need a suitable and feasible policy direction, something that is difficult but must be allowed to develop.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2022

Vitamin A (Vit A) is a lipid-soluble vitamin required for diverse normal body functions, including good vision, reproduction, growth, development, and cellular differentiation. The therapeutic effects of Vit A have been demonstrated for the treatments of inflammation, low immunity, and cancer. The present review discusses the scientific evidence for establishing the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for Vit A, issues caused by unit change of Vit A, and suggestions for the 2025 KDRI revision. Due to the changes in the standard bodyweight observed in several age groups, the 2020 KDRI had minor revisions as compared to the 2015 KDRI. In the 2015 KDRI, the Vit A unit has changed from retinol equivalent (RE) to retinol activity equivalent (RAE) and the activity of carotenoids became half with RAE compared to RE due to this unit change. Since the Vit A intake of Koreans relies heavily on plant-based carotenoids, the dietary intake of Vit A in Koreans as determined by considering the RAE was much lower than values obtained with RE. The analysis for Vit A intake by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey only reflects intakes of retinol and beta-carotene. Thus, it would be necessary to include the consumption of other provitamin A, such as alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin. Moreover, assessing the amounts of Vit A in foods should be customized to Korean diets since there are seasonal variations in the carotenoid concentration of plants. Moreover, other factors such as age- and sex-specific intake data and considerations of baseline micronutrient status, body mass index, and dietary patterns should be considered for developing more precise KDRI. In particular, the Vit A requirement needs to be met by consuming diverse foods, including animal foods.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.319-325
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• 2021

With the advancement of wireless technology and the rapid growth of the infrastructure of mobile communication technology, systems applying AI-based platforms are drawing attention from users. In particular, the system that understands users' tastes and interests and recommends preferred items is applied to advanced e-commerce customized services and smart homes. However, there is a problem that these recommendation systems are difficult to reflect in real time the preferences of various users for tastes and interests. In this research, we propose a Fuzzy-AHP-based movies recommendation system using the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) language model to address a problem. In this system, we apply Fuzzy-AHP to reflect users' tastes or interests in real time. We also apply GRU language model-based models to analyze the public interest and the content of the film to recommend movies similar to the user's preferred factors. To validate the performance of this recommendation system, we measured the suitability of the learning model using scraping data used in the learning module, and measured the rate of learning performance by comparing the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) language model with the learning time per epoch. The results show that the average cross-validation index of the learning model in this work is suitable at 94.8% and that the learning performance rate outperforms the LSTM language model.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-100
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• 2022

In the era of low growth, many provincial cities are experiencing population decline and aging. Population decline phenomena such as reduction of productive manpower, reduction of finances, deterioration of quality of life, and collapse of the community base are occurring in a chain and are being pushed to the brink of extinction of the cities. This study aims to propose a methodology to objectively estimate the employment creation centers and setting the basic unit of industrial-centered zoning by applying spatial statistical techniques and GIS for the application of the compact city plan as an efficient spatial management policy in a city with a declining population. In details, based on reviewing previous studies on compact city, 'employment complex index(ECI)' were defined considering the number of workers, the number of settlers, and the area of development land, the employment creation center was estimated by applying the 'Local Moran's I' and 'Getis-Ord's Hot-Spot Analysis'. As a case study, changes in the four years of 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 were compared and analyzed for Changwon City. As a result, it was confirmed that the employment creation center is becoming compacted and polycentric, which is a significant result that reflects the actual situation well. This results provide the basic data for functional and institutional territorial governance for the regional revitalization platform, and provide meaningful information necessary for spatial policy decision-making, such as population reduction, regional gross domestic product, and public facility arrangement that can respond to energy savings, transportation plans, and medical and health plans.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2022

This study considered regional differences in the university-industry collaboration of Korean universities and performed cluster analysis to identify the spatial range with high university-industry collaboration connectivity. By university establishment type, it was found that the university-industry collaboration capacity of the major national university was superior overall, especially in the technology transfer & commercialization sector and the infrastructure sector, compared to private universities and general national universities. The spatial pattern of university-industry collaboration capacity showed relatively clear differences by city and province. In terms of university-industry collaboration capacity by sector, it was confirmed that the regional gap was not large in the talent training sector and the infrastructure sector, but the regional gap was relatively large in the technology transfer & commercialization sector and the start-up sector. As a result of the cluster analysis to identify a spatial range with high connectivity in terms of similarity and spatial proximity of university-industry collaboration patterns, it is divided into 15 clusters. It is found that most of major national universities are included in one of 15 clusters where all sectors of university-industry collaboration are strong. Therefore, as a policy measure to achieve regional innovative growth through enhancing the effectiveness of university-industry collaboration, we propose the establishment of a hub & spoke network-type collaboration system in which a major national university acts as a hub and nearby local universities play a spoke role.