• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods: Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of $85.0{\pm}2.1kg$ were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a cornsoybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results: The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion: Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1164-1168
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• 2006

본 연구는 감귤 부산물을 돼지에게 급여하여 폐기물의 재활용과 기능성 돈육의 생산 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 이용 부위는 등심이었으며, 건조된 밀감 부산물을 급여하지 않은 돈육(DCP-0)과 육성기에 6% 급여한 후 비육기에 10% 급여한 돈육(DCP-1)의 pH, VBN, TBARS, 일반세균 수, 표면색도, 보수력, 감량, 기계적 물성 및 관능성을 실험하였다. pH 및 VBN 함량은 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, TBARS값 및 일반세균수는 감귤 부산물을 급여한 돈육등심이 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 그리고 표면색도, 보수력 및 감량은 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 기계적 물성 중에서 경도는 DCP-0가 높았고, 탄성은 DCP-1이 유의하게 높았지만(p<0.05), 응집성, 뭉침성 및 전단력은 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 돈육등심의 맛, 풍미, 연도, 다즙성 및 전체적인 기호성은 DCP-0 및 DCP-1 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.319-331
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• 2021

Heat stress (HS) causes adverse impacts on pig production and health. A potential biomarker of HS is required to predict its occurrence and thereby better manage pigs under HS. Information about the saliva metabolome in heat-stressed pigs is limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of acute HS on the saliva metabolome and identify metabolites that could be used as potential biomarkers. Growing pigs (n = 6, 3 boars, and 3 gilts) were raised in a thermal neutral (TN; 25℃) environment for a 5-d adaptation period (CON). After adaptation, the pigs were first exposed to HS (30℃; HS30) and then exposed to higher HS (33℃; HS33) for 24 h. Saliva was collected after adaptation, first HS, and second HS, respectively, for metabolomic analysis using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Four metabolites had significantly variable importance in the projection (VIP > 1; p < 0.05) different levels in TN compared to HS groups from all genders (boars and gilts). However, sex-specific characteristics affected metabolites (glutamate and leucine) by showing the opposite results, indicating that HS was less severe in females than in males. A decrease in creatine levels in males and an increase in creatine phosphate levels in females would have contributed to a protective effect from protein degradation by muscle damage. The results showed that HS led to an alteration in metabolites related to energy and protein. Protection from muscle damage may be attributed to the alteration in protein-related metabolites. However, energy-related metabolites showed opposing results according to sex-specific characteristics, such as sex hormone levels and subcutaneous fat layer. This study had shown that saliva samples could be used as a noninvasive method to evaluate heat-stressed pigs. And the results in this study could be contributed to the development of a diagnostic tool as a noninvasive biomarker for managing heat-stressed pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.539-563
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• 2022

Nine pig farms were evaluated for the welfare quality in Korea using animal- and environment-based parameters (particularly air quality parameters) during the winter of 2013. The Welfare Quality^® (WQ^®) protocol consists of 12 criteria within four principles. The WQ^® protocol classifies farms into four categories ranging from 'excellent' to 'not classified'. Each of these criteria has specific measures for calculating scores. Calculations for the welfare scores were conducted online using the calculation model in the WQ^® protocol. Environment-based parameters like microclimate (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, air speed, and particulate matter), bacteria (total airborne bacteria, airborne total coliform, and airborne total Escherichia coli), concentration of gases (carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide) were measured to investigate the relationship between animal- and environment-based parameters. Correlations between the results of animal- and environment-based parameters were estimated using spearman correlation coefficient. The overall assessments found that five out of nine farms were 'acceptable', and four farms were 'enhanced'; no farm was 'not classified'. The average score for the four principles across the nine farms, in decreasing order, were 'good feeding' (63.13 points) > 'good housing' (59.26 points) > 'good health' (33.47 points) > 'appropriate behaviors' (25.48 points). In the result of the environment aspect, the relative humidity of farms 2 (93.4%), 3 (100%), and 9 (98%) was much higher than the recommended maximum relative humidity of 80%, and four out of the nine farms had ammonia concentrations greater than 40 ppm. Ammonia had negative correlations with 'positive social behaviors' and positive emotional states: content, enjoying, sociable, playful, lively, happy and it had positive correlations with negative emotional states: aimless, distressed. The concentration of carbon dioxide had negative correlations with positive emotional states; calm, sociable, playful, happy and it had a positive correlation with negative emotional state; aimless. Our results indicate that the control of the environment for growing pigs can help improve their welfare, particularly via good air quality (carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.535-549
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• 2023

This study was to investigate the effects of different phytogenic feed additives (PFA) dosage levels in growing- finishing pigs stressed by high stocking density. A total of 72 mix sexed 12 weeks growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with initial body weight (BW) of 49.28 ± 4.58 kg were used for 8 weeks. There were 3 replicate pens in each treatment group, with 3 pigs per pen. The dietary treatment groups consisted of basal diets in animal welfare density (negative control [NC]), basal diet in high stocking density (positive control [PC]), PC + 0.04% essential oil (ES1), PC + 0.08% essential oil (ES2), PC + 0.10% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES1), PC + 0.20% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES2), PC + 0.05% grape pomace extract (GP1), PC + 0.10% grape pomace extract (GP2). The reduction of space allowance decreased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy. Also, the fecal score of PC groups increased (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. Basic behaviors (feed intake, standing, lying) were inactive (p < 0.05) and singularity behavior (biting) was increased (p < 0.10) under high stocking density. There was no difference in blood profile. However, the supplementation of PFA alleviated the negative effects such as reduced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and some increasing stress indicators in th blood (cortisol) and animal behavior (biting). In conclusion, the negative effect of high stocking density was most effectively mitigated by the normal dosage of the mixture of bitter citrus extract and essential oil additive (CES1).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.763-780
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• 2024

This study was conducted to supplement single and complex probiotics to investigate the effect on growing-finishing pigs and compost. In experiment 1, the 64 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) pigs with an initial body weight of 18.75 ± 0.33 kg and a birth of 63 days were assigned to a completely randomized four treatment groups based on the initial body weight (4 pigs in a pen with 4 replicate pens for each treatment). For 13 weeks, the dietary treatments were provided: 1) Control (CON; basal diet), 2) T1 (CON + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis), 3) T2 (CON + 0.2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 4) T3 (CON + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis + 0.2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In experiment 2, the pig manure was obtained from Chungbuk National University (Cheongju, Korea) swine farm. For 12 weeks, the supplementary treatments were provided: 1) CON, non-additive compost; 2) T1, spray Bacillus subtilis 10 g per 3.306 m²; 3) T2, spray Bacillus subtilis 40 g per 3.306 m²; 4) T3, spray Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10 g per 3.306 m²; 5) T4: spray Saccharomyces cerevisiae 40 g per 3.306 m²; 6) T5, spray Bacillus subtilis 5 g + Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 g per 3.306 m²; 7) T6, spray Saccharomyces subtilis 20 g + S. cerevisiae 20 g per 3.306 m² and there were 6 replicates each treatment. In experiment 1, During the overall experimental period, T3 showed significantly improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and average daily gain compared to other groups. In average maturity score, T3 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other groups. Supplementing complex probiotics group improved (p < 0.05) H2S emissions and fecal microflora compared to the non-supplementing group. In experiment 2, additive probiotics groups had no effect (p > 0.05) on moisture content than the non-additive group at 9 and 12 weeks. T6 showed a significantly improved (p < 0.05) average maturity score at all periods and ammonia emissions at 1 week and 4 weeks compared to other groups. In summary, supplementation complex probiotics induced positive effects on both pigs and compost.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2019

오늘날 양돈의 사양이 증가 함에 따라 부존사료 자원으로서 활용가치가 높은 물질에 항생제를 첨가하지 않고 친환경적으로 제조된 가축용 사료를 개발하여, 기능성 친환경 돈육 및 가공품을 생산하는 것이 중요하다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 항암, 항염, 항산화 등 다양한 생리활성 물질이 다량 함유되어 있는 복분자(Rubus occidentalis, RO) 부산물을 양돈사료의 원료로 확립하고자 버크셔 돼지를 대상으로 복분자 발효사료(Rubus occidentalis fermented fodder, ROFF)의 혈액 내 영양 운반인자와 항산화 효능을 연구하기 위해 수행하였다. 시험구는 일반사료(대조구)에 ROFF를 0.3% 첨가하였고, 발효사료의 효능을 확인 하기 위해 각 체중에 따른 버크셔 거세돈 및 암퇘지에게 43~73일간 급여하여 효능을 확인 하였다. ROFF의 복합적인 효능은 혈액 생화학, 철분 및 항산화 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 그 결과 ROFF의 섭취로 인해 거세 자돈 및 육성돈, 암컷 자돈, 육성돈, 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈에서 total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) 모두 감소하거나 HDL-C이 증가하는 경향으로 보아 영양생리학적으로 개선되는 경향을 확인하였다. 암컷 비육돈에서는 생화학적 수치가 모두 증가하는 경향으로 보아 임신 가능성이 있는 비육기의 경우 이러한 수치향상으로 자돈의 생산을 위한 원활한 영양 공급이 예상되며, 건강한 자돈의 생산에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다. Transferrin (TFE) 함량은 거세돈에서는 변화가 크지 않았으며, 암컷 육성돈 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈에서 ROFF 섭취로 인해 증가하는 경향이 나타남에 따라 ROFF가 철분 결핍으로 인한 부정적인 영향들을 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다. Glutathione peroxidase1 (GPx1)분석 결과 거세 비육돈 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈에서 ROFF의 섭취로 인해 GPx1 활성이 유의적이지는 않지만 크게 증가한 것으로 보아 ROFF가 항산화능을 향상시키는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과들을 종합할 때, ROFF의 급여가 전체적으로 시험 개체의 개선 효능에는 영향이 크지 않으나 RO의 함량을 고려 할 때 매우 긍정적인 원료사료 중 하나라 할 수 있으며, 특히 ROFF가 거세돈 보다는 암컷 버크셔의 영양 운반 및 철분 함량 등에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.232-235
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• 2011

Clostridium (C.) difficile 은 사람뿐만 아니라 동물에서도 새롭게 출현한 중요한 병원체로 인식되어 왔다. 제주도에서 설사 증상이 있는 132두의 돼지 직장 분변 및 냉동 결장을 대상으로 C. difficile 균체의 독소 A, B 유전자를 검출하기 위한 중합효소연쇄반응을 실시하였다. 그 결과 포유자돈 2두 이유자돈 2두 및 육성단계 돼지 1두 등 총 5두의 돼지에서 독소 A 및 B에 대하여 양성반응을 나타내었다. PCR 결과는 돼지 대장의 조직학적 병변과 일치하였다. 병리조직학적 소견으로 독소 양성 돼지의 맹장과 결장에서는 점막하직 및 장막의 부종이 관찰되었다. 점막의 병변은 국소적인 상피세포의 괴사, 부분적인 탈락 및 장벽의 괴사까지 다양하였다. 세균 검사 결과 4두 (80%)는 Salmonella typhimurium과 혼합감염되어 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-184
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• 2003

This study was conducted to survey the farm which suffered from disease similar to classical swine fever(CSF) in Gyeongbuk province. Clinical signs appeared first in a few number of growing pigs which showed specific signs of diarrhea, depression, sleepiness, and reluctance to get up or to eat. Younger piglets may have appeared chilled, shiver and huddle together. As the disease progresses the affected pig's skin went red and purple. In histopathological signs, there were many haemorrhages throughout the body and larger haemorrhages in some organs such as lymph nodes. And there is a precipitous fall in the number of circulating leukocytes in the blood. In spite of insisting of farmer which did not vaccinate to classical swine fever, significant antibody production was detected in these affected pigs at enzyme-linked immuonsorbent assay. According to the above results at first glance, these affected pig suspected with CSF in clinical signs and histopathological lesions only. Because the symptoms and post-mortem picture were very similar to CSF, these false positive results would have been dangerous to diagnostician. But by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and comparative nucleotide sequence analysis, the disease was correctly diagnosed with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) compoundly. And the antigen which were detected the lesion similar to CSF virus, was confirmed with LOM vaccine strain of CSF. In most national CSF eradication program and in countries which are free of the CSF virus, vaccination against CSF is not practiced and generally is not allowed. But now in Korea, routine vaccination is practiced because of outbreaking the CSF repeatedly. When CSF is diagnosed the whole herd and other in contact animal are slaughtered continuously.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2006

감귤 부산물을 급여하지 않은 제주 재래돼지고기($T_0$)와 육성기와 비육기에 각각 8%와 15% 급여한 돼지고기($T_1$)를 흰쥐의 사료에 단백질로 환산하여 12%되도록 첨가하였다. 이 사료를 생후 17주령의 흰쥐에 4주간 급여하여 영양대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 흰쥐의 사료 섭취량, 사료효율 및 체중 증가량은 $T_0$와 $T_1$사이에 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 흰쥐의 간, 신장, 비장 및 부고환 등 장기의 무게와 간의 중성지질 및 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 $T_0$와 $T_1$ 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 혈청의 총지질, 인지질, 중성지질, 총콜레스테롤, 동맥경화지수, 단백질, 혈당, 혈색소, 무기질 함량, 그리고 ${\gamma}$-GTP, ALT, AST 및 ALP 활성은 $T_0$와 $T_1$이 비슷한 경향이었다. 혈청의 HDL 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 $T_1$이 $T_0$에 비하여 증가되는 경향으로 나타났다.