• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.633-641
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• 2009

Maturity and spawning of the atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus azonus, was investigated based on the samples collected by gill net and set net in the East Sea from January 2006 to March 2009. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to increase in October, and reached a maximum between November and December. After spawning GSI began to decrease from January. The spawning period was from October to January, and main spawning period was from November to December. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into five successive stages in females; early growing stage (June), late growing stage (July to August), mature stage (September to October), ripe and spent stage (November to January), and recovery and resting stage (January to May). Males showed four successive stages: growing stage (June to August), mature stage (September to October), ripe and spent stage (October to December), and recovery and resting stage (January to May). P. azonus could be one of polycyclic species spawning two times or more during one spawning season. Number of total and mature eggs in the fecundity were proportional to fork length. The fork length at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 26.9 cm.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.332-339
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• 2010

Maturity and spawning of the snailfish, Liparis ochotensis was investigated based on samples collected by gill net in the East Sea of Korea from December 2008 to December 2009. The average total length of L. ochotensis was 63.4 cm and 64.1 cm for females and males, respectively. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to increase in July, reaching a maximum in November, then began to decrease in December. Monthly changes in the GSI values of L. ochotensis were similar for females and males. Annual reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages in females: early growing stage (May), late growing stage (June to July), mature stage (August to September), ripe and spent stage (September to December), and recovery and resting stage (January to April). Males show four successive stages; growing stage (May to July), mature stage (August to September), ripe and spent stage (September to December), and recovery and resting stage (January to April). Relationship between total length (TL) and fecundity (F) was F=$0.00003TL^{4.002}$ ($R^2$ = 0.703), and F increased with TL. Total length at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 55.8 cm. Our findings suggest that the spawning period takes place from September to December, with the main spawning period occurring from October to December.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1969

To investigate the radiation effect of P-32 on the soybean plants, the seeds treated with various levels of P-32 solution were sown and cultured in the pots. The growth of the plants and the contents of the macroelements were observed and the following results were obtained. 1) The linear growth of the plants at the early stage seemed to have been promoted by the low-level P-32 treatemnt. At the later growing stage, however, this difference among treatments were less conspicuous. 2) The plants of high level P-32 application showed some growth damaging symptom at the early growing stage. Later this damage was recorded as the time went on and these plants showed even better growth than the control. As a result at the late growing stage, they ensued highest growth. 3) The plants showed in general more growth at the low activity level than at the high-level at the early growing stage. At the late stage, however, the high-level activity promoted more growth than the low-level. 4) At the early growing stage P-32 treatment produced in general significantly more lower than control. At the later stage, however, this difference was not clearly seen. 5) The P-32 treatment seemed to have stimulated earlier florescence and this tendency was more clearly observable eapecially at the high activity level. 6) The weight of the air-dried seeds tended to be increased through P-32 treatment by 10-45%. This tendency was clearly observed especially at the low-level activity. 7) As for the contents of the various macroelements in the leaves, the nitrogen showed significantly larger contents at the middle level(S1) P-32 treatments. The phosphorous contents showed also highest at the middle levels activity and lower both at the high and low-activity levels. The potassium contents was proved, on the contrary, higher at the low-level activity and lower at the high-level. 8) The nitrogen contents in the stems was found significantly higher than control, except at the low-activity level. The phosphorous showed higher contents at the low-activity level and no significant difference at the high-activity level. As for the contents of potassium, calcium and magnesium, three seemed no significant difference among treatments. However, the magnesium showed somewhat higher content at the low-activity level, whereas the calcium was proved high than control. 9) The inorganic contents in the root showed that N and P in the P-32 treated plant were significantly higher than the control and the K-contents was, on the contrary, significantly higher at the control than the rest of the treatments. As for the calcium and magnesium there showed no difference among all treatments.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1965

Using the synchronous culture method and the manometric technique, changes in respiratory activities, utilization of some organic acids (succinate, malate, lactate and acetate etc.) and its effect on glucose metabolism in Chlorella cells at different growing stages were measured. 1) Endogenous respiration of the cells was not active at growing stage and was almost constant throughout the early ripening, maturing and division stages. 2) Lactate was utilized as respiratory substrate better than other organic acids tested. Exogenous respiration of glucose was most active at growing and maturing stages and was decreased strikingly at division stage. 3) Succinate and citrate inhibited endogenous and glucose respiration of the cells throughout the all life cycle. 4) Malate and acetate were utilized in the cells at early growing and division stages better, and malate enhanced the glucose respiration while in case of acetate it was depressed. 5) Calcium ion inhibited not only permeability of respiratory substrate but endogenous respiration itself.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1782-1788
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• 2003

A mathematical model has been constructed to estimate the amino acid requirements for growing Taihe silky fowls in early stage. A requirement was taken as the sum of the needs for maintenance, for gain in carcass weight without feathers, and for the feathers. The maintenance requirement was considered to be the sum of the needs for replacing skin and intestinal losses and for the obligatory creatinine excretion in the urine. A comparative slaughter trial and nitrogen balance trials with growing and adult Taihe silky fowls, respectively, were conducted to estimate the parameters in the model. The amino acid requirements were then calculated with the constructed models. The results showed as following: the replacement needs for skin nitrogen loss was determined at 213.41 mg/d for adult male fowls (body weight 1.60 kg); creatinine excretion in these birds was 4.04 mg/d. when fed an nitrogen-free diets, the adult male fowls with body weight 1.60 kg excreted a total of 246.10 mg/d endogenous nitrogen. The net protein requirement for maintenance was estimated at $11.24mg/w_g{^{0.75}}/d$Per gram of body weight gain contained 27.18 mg carcass nitrogen for growing birds in early stage, but feathers nitrogen in per gram of body weight gain increased with age. The amino acid requirements for growing Taihe silky fowls were slightly higher than for starting and growing pullets, but lower than that of broiler chicks. The amino acid requirements patterns changed with weeks of age.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.81-84
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• 1979

Catalase, glycolate oxidase, hydroxypyruvate and NADPH-glyoxylate reductases activities in cell free extracts from leaves of 3 cultivars, Suwon 264, IR 36 and Jin Heung of rice plants were studied at different growing stages. Catalase and glycolate oxidase shows inclining activities toward the maximum vegetative growth whereas declining activities in either the enzymes were noticed during the maturing stage. After the photoperiodic condition exhibit increasing hydroxypyruvate and NADPH-glyoxylate reductases activities with time until maturing stage. No significant differences were found in the enzyme activities, and in analytical data of nitrogen, chlorophyll contents, dry weight and soluble proteins among the 3 cultivars.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.603-615
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelationship between the growth change of mandible and the developmental age of growing girls in the longitudinal data from 7 years to 15 years. The data were obtained from maturation stage of cervical vertebrae through the serial lateral cephalogram, height increment records which was taken at one year interval, menarche date through interview. On the basis of findings of this study, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In general the growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Go-Pog) showed two peaks of growth velocity. 2. The maximum growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Go-Pog) almost appeared between stage 3 and stage 4 in maturation of cervical vertebrae. 3. It showed the tendency that the maximum increment of height appeared faster than that of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Pog-Go). 4. The maximum growth of height almost appeared between stage 2 and stage 3 in maturation of cervical vertebrae. 5. It showed the tendency that the menarche appeared later than the maximum growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Pog-Go). 6. The menarche almost appeared at stage 4, stage 5 in maturation of cervical vertebrae.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

We used a flow cytometer to investigate the variations in endopolyploidy (the frequencies of nuclei with DNA contents equivalent to 4C through 16C) during the short period of the early growing stage in vigorously growing young tissues of maize seedlings. We examined different portions of the root and leaves that had been growing for 7 (day 7) and 13 (day 13) days after germination. Endoreplication showed two opposing phenomena without aging. In one case, the endopolyploidy of the first leaf was higher on day 13 than on day 7. In the latter case, endopolyploidy decreased, as clearly revealed by a comparison of the endopolyploidy of the second leaves and the 160-170 mm portion of the seminal root on days 7 and 13. Endopolyploidy was also lower in the top of the leaf. In roots, endopolyploidy was increased by the exogenous application of abscisic acid for only 1 day. The levels of endopolyploidy increased without an increase in cell size in the roots. These results showed that endoreplication occurs in actively growing and young tissue and that the variation can be induced in the short period examined.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 1987

기계시비(機械施肥)가 용역(容易)한 반액체상(半液體狀)인 수도기비용(水稻基肥用) 호상비료(糊狀肥料)를 개발(開發)하여 이앙기(移秧機)에 부착(附着)된 시비기(施肥機)를 통하여 측조국지시용(側條局地施用)으로 태백(太白)벼와 천마(天磨)벼를 공시(供試)하여 비효시험(肥效試驗)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 수량(收量)은 시제품(試製品) 처리구(處理區)에서 분벽비(分蘗肥) 20%(N)를 감(減)하여도 감소(減少)되지 않았으며 생육상황(生育狀況)은 시제품구(試製品區)가 대조구(對照區)에 비하여 초기생육(初期生育)은 양호(良好)하였으나 후기생육(後記生育)은 큰 차이(差異)가 없었으며 태백(太白)벼, 천마(天磨)벼 공(共)히 같은 경향(傾向)이었다. 식물체중(植物體中) 질소성분함량(窒素成分含量)은 생육초기(生育初期)에는 시제품구(試製品區)가 대조구(對照區)보다 높았으나 후기(後期)에는 뚜렷한 경향(傾向)이 없었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1969

Changes in the phosphorylation of Chlorella cells during the life cycle the aulotrophic and micotrophic synchronous culture were followed under the light and dark. 1. In the autotrophic culture of Chlorella the amounts of esterified phosphate compounds of the algal cell under the light increased during the growing period and decreased strikingly in the ripening period showing a peak at the $L_1$ i/-cell stage. 2. TRhe amount of total esterified phosphate compounds of the cell under the dark, however, decreased during the growing period and then kept fairly constnat during the ripening nad division periods showing the greates activity of the oxidative phosphorylation in the early growing stage. 3. It is presumed that the energy requirement of the dividing algal cell in the autotrophic culture is fulfilled prior to the nuclear division mostly by the photosynthetic phosphorylation. 4. In the mixotrophic culture, the amount of esterified phosphate compounds of the algal cells under the light increased during the growing period and decreased during the late ripening and early division periods showing a peak in the $L_2$-cell stage as in the case of the phosphorylation under the dark. 5. The phosphorylation of the fell grown in the glucose medium is more active under the dark than under the light in the stages of the growing and early ripening periods. 6. It is considered that the excess glucose in the algal cell not only promotes the oxidative phosphorylation but also inhibits the photosynthetic phosphorylation of the cell. 7. It is presumed that the energy requirement of the dividing algal cell in the glucose medium is fulfilled prior to the nuclear division by the combined action of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, mostly by the oxidative phosphorylation.