• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.968-975
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine effects of different exercise training modes (Aerobic Training, Resistance Training) on exercise specificity and transability. The tested subjects, composed of 10 healthy males without known family history or medical illnesses, were divided into two groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG; n=5) and Resistance Training Group (RTG; n=5). An aerobic training program, based on maximum oxygen consumption rates taken during standard testing, was conducted in 60 minute sessions 3 times a week, and the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption rate was measured the using Polar. In the weight training program, based on repetition maximum rate (1-RM) taken during standard testing, the weight at 70% of such rates was measured during 60 minute sessions of 7 categories of exercise (Bench press, Leg press, Squat, Shoulder press, Arm curt Lat pull down, Triceps pull down), conducted 3 times a week. The data collected from this research were calculated to obtain average and differences compared to standards using an SPSS 11.0 statistics package. In conclusion, increase in V0$_{2max}$ and production of NO$_x$ (NO$_2$/NO$_3$), reduction of %fat, MAPwere shown effective in aerobic training and in different exercise tests, and aerobic testing within the aerobic training group (ATG) was shown to be more effective. In contrast, resistance training was shown to be more effective for the reduction of CK and LDH, and even in different tests, the resistance test within the resistance training group (RTG) showed to be more effective. Exercise specificity also significantly increased in both groups (ATG, RTG). but there was no significant difference in transability in both groups (ATG, RTG).

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.205-223
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• 2018

During launch a spacecraft is subjected to a variety of dynamical loads transmitted through the launcher to spacecraft interface or air-born transmission excitations in the acoustic pressure field inside the fairing. As a result, spacecraft are tested on ground to ensure and demonstrate the global integrity of the structure against these loads, to screen the flight hardware for quality of workmanship and to validate mathematical models. This paper addresses the numerical modelling and simulation of the low frequency sine and random vibration tests performed on electrodynamic shaker facilities to comprise the mechanical-borne transmission loads through the launcher to spacecraft interface. Consequently, the paper reviews techniques and methodologies to derive a reliable and representative coupled virtual vibration testing simulation environment based on experimental data. These technologies are explored with the main objectives to ensure a stable, reliable and accurate control while testing. As a result, the use of the derived simulation models in combination with the added value of improved control and signal processing algorithms can lead to a safer and smoother vibration test control of the entire environmental test campaign.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.661-678
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• 2013

In this paper, a wireless sensing system for structural field evaluation and rating of bridges is presented. The system uses a wireless platform integrated with traditional analogue sensors including strain gages and accelerometers along with the operating software. A wireless vehicle position indicator is developed using a tri-axial accelerometer node that is mounted on the test vehicle, and was used for identifying the moving truck position during load testing. The developed software is capable of calculating the theoretical bridge rating factors based on AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Rating specifications, and automatically produces the field adjustment factor through load testing data. The sensing system along with its application in bridge deck rating was successfully demonstrated on the Evansville Bridge in West Virginia. A finite element model was conducted for the test bridge, and was used to calculate the load distribution factors of the bridge deck after verifying its results using field data. A confirmation field test was conducted on the same bridge and its results varied by only 3% from the first test. The proposed wireless sensing system proved to be a reliable tool that overcomes multiple drawbacks of conventional wired sensing platforms designed for structural load evaluation of bridges.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2019

Existing reinforced concrete frame buildings designed for only gravity loads have been seismically vulnerable due to their inadequate column detailing. The seismic vulnerabilities can be mitigated by the application of a column retrofit technique, which combines high-strength near surface mounted bars with a fiber reinforced polymer wrapping system. This study presents the full-scale shaker testing of a non-ductile frame structure retrofitted using the combined retrofit system. The full-scale dynamic testing was performed to measure realistic dynamic responses and to investigate the effectiveness of the retrofit system through the comparison of the measured responses between as-built and retrofitted test frames. Experimental results demonstrated that the retrofit system reduced the dynamic responses without any significant damage on the columns because it improved flexural, shear and lap-splice resisting capacities. In addition, the retrofit system contributed to changing a damage mechanism from a soft-story mechanism (column-sidesway mechanism) to a mixed-damage mechanism, which was commonly found in reinforced concrete buildings with strong-column weak-beam system.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.49-58
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• 2012

Objectives: This research was designed to study the characteristics of heart rate variability in acute dyspepsia patients compared with normal group. Methods: The testing of HRV was carried out at Oriental Medical Center of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$University with the participation of 94 acute dyspepsia patients and 85 control group people. We checked HRV of the 2 groups that were checked on the first visit day and compared HRV index between groups. Results: In the frequency domain analysis, HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF ratio, TP were significantly lower than control group on acute dyspepsia patient group. HF, LF, VLF, LF/HF ratio, TP were not significantly associated with age. Conclusions: According to this study, autonomic nerve system was more decreased on the acute dyspepsia patient group compared with the control group. Though further studies will be needed, the present finding provide us the possibility that stress is a major cause of the acute dyspepsia along with food factor.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.88-99
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical properties of experimental composite resins made with the spherical and crushed fillers. The 14 experimental composite resins containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%(w/w) in spherical filler group and 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70%(w/w) in crushed filler group, incorporated in a Bis-GMA matrix (Aldrich Co., USA), were made with 1% ${\gamma}$-methoxy silane treated fillers. The polymer matrix was made by dissolving 0.7%(w/w) of benzoyl peroxide(Janssen Chemical Co. Japan) in methacrylate monomer, whereupon 0.7%(v/v) N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine(Tokyo Kasei Co. Japan) was added to the monomer. The weight percentage of each specific particle size distribution could be determined from a knowledge of the specific gravity, the weight(w/w), and corresponding volume %(v/v) of the filler sample in resin monomer. In crushed silica group and spherical silica group, the diametral tensile strengths and compressive strengths were measured with Instron Testing Machine(No.4467), and analyzed in 14 experimental composite resins made by filler fractions. The shear bond strength of 14 experimental composite resins to bovine enamel was measured with universal testing machine(Instron No.4467). The fracture surfaces were sputter-coated with a gold film and investigated by SEM. The results were as follows; 1. The diametral tensile strength was tendency to increase in crushed silica group, but not in spherical silica group. The highest diametral tensile strength was found in 20% filler fractions of two groups. 2. The compressive strength was higher in 15%(w/w) and 20%(w/w) in spherical silica group than in crushed silica group, but not in spherical silica group. 3. The significant correlation was noticed in increase in shear bond strength in crushed silica group, but not in spherical silica group. 4. The significantly highest shear bond strength was noticed in 50% filler concentration in crushed silica group, and in 15% filler concentration in spherical silica group, it was not significant in relation. 5. In crushed silica group, cut surface of resin matrix and the interface between resin and filler is obvious. In spherical silica group, fractures that occurred through the filler particles were round in shape.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.357-367
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of class II restored premolars with amalgam, posterior composite, amalgam - Ketac silver, resin - Ketac silver restorations at marginal ridge. Fifty extacted maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth that were caries free, fracture free, and restoration free were selected and randomly divided into five groups : Group 1 : 10 intact teeth, Group 2 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with, amalgam, Group 3: 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with posterior resin, Group 4 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with amalgam - ketac silver, Group 5 : 10 teeth with class II cavities and restored with resin - Ketac silver. All teeth were mounted in base of dental stone within metal rings of 2cm diameter, exposing only the crown portion. Class II mesio - occlusal or disto - occlusal cavities were prepared into specimens of Group 2 through 5 by using a No. 710 fissure bur. The occlusal portion was prepared to a faciolingual width of 1.5mm and a pulpal depth of 1.5mm. The proximal protion was prepared to a faciolingual width of 4mm, a occlusogingival height of 4mm, and a gingival floor of 1.5mm. The teeth in Group 2 and 3 were resotored with silver amalgam apd posterior resin respectively. In Group 4 and 5, proximal portions were first filled with Ketac silver 1.5mm gingivally and remaining cavities were restored with amalgam and posterior resin respectively. All specimens were stored in 100 % relative humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours before testing. All teeth were subjected to a compressive load in a Universal Instron Testing Machine at marginal ridges. The loads required to fracture the restorations were recorded in killograms and the data obtained were subjected to statisticall analysis. The results were all follows : 1. The fracture strength of Group 1 which were unprepared were $100{\pm}10.1\;kg$ and the higher values than Group 2, 3, 4, 5 which were prepared and resotred. 2. In restored groups, Group 2 had the higher fracture strength($81.8{\pm}12.4\;kg$) than other groups and Group 4 had the lowest fracture strength($66.8{\pm}9.2kg$). 3. There were significant differences between fracture strength of between Group 1 and Group 3, 4, 5(P<0.05), but not significant difference between fracture strength of Group 2, 3, 4, 5(P>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to observe the tensile and bonding strength of the joined amalgam restoration. Amalgam alloys of fine-cut (F-type), spherical (S-type), and dispersed type (D-type) were selected in this study, and all specimens were divided into three groups according to the condensation methods as follows. Group I : the control group which condense the same kinds of mixed amalgam into the whole part of the mold respectively. Group II : the group which condense a mix of amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 15 minutes later. Group III : the group which condense a mixed amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 7 days later. All specimens were stored in incubator at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for seven days with immersing in saline solution before testing. The tensile and bonding strength of them were measured with Instron Universal Testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. In Group I, the order of tensile strength was F-type, S-type, and D-type. 2. In case of bonding of S-type + S-type, the difference of the bonding strength between Group II and III was not significant. (P> 0.05) 3. The bonding strength of F-type + S-type of Group II was marked the highest in value, and the lowest bonding strength was showed in bonded D-type + D-type of Group III. 4. In case of bonding with the different kinds of amalgam alloy in Group II, the specimen bonded to F-type was marked the highest bonding strength, and the specimen bonded with F-type was marked the lowest one. In Group II, the bonding strength of the specimens bonded with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was presented as the same order as that of Group I. 5. In Group III, the specimen connected with D-type marked the lowest bonding strength of all specimens. In Group III, the bonding strength of the specimens connected with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was the order of S-type + S-type, F-type + F-type, and D-type + D-type.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

Liver size is an important component in the diagnosis and follow-up of diffuse liver disease when testing for liver disease using ultrasonography. However, difficulties lies in determining the presence of hepatomegaly and liver atrophy because the method used for measuring liver size differs from one examiner to another and there is no relevant standard based on body build. The present study aims to propose a more objective method for liver size measurement and a reference range based on body build. A total of 260 normal adults (130 males, 130 females) participated in the study. Ultrasonography was performed in all participants to measure the size of the right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate lobe of liver. Based on Physique Index(PI), a value derived from multiplying weight(kg) by height($m^2$), size of physique was divided into three groups including Group I with PI<150, Group II with $150{\leq}PI{\leq}250$, and Group III with PI>250. Thus, mean liver size by PI and a reference range with 95% reliability were suggested. The superoinferior diameter of right lobe was $12.34{\pm}1.18cm$ in males and $11.07{\pm}0.93cm$ in females, and its reference range was 10.64~11.0cm for Group I, 11.78~12.12cm for Group II, and 13.02~13.84cm for Group III. The anteroposterior diameter(T) of left lobe was $5.93{\pm}1.09cm$ in males and $5.18{\pm}0.99cm$ in females, and its reference range was 4.77~5.17cm for Group I, 5.49~5.79cm for Group II, and 6.68~7.44cm for Group III. The transverse diameter was $3.51{\pm}0.60cm$ in male participants and $3.42{\pm}0.49cm$ in female participants and its reference range was 3.29~3.51cm for Group I, 3.36~3.55cm for Group II, and 3.52~4.0cm for Group III. The caudate lobe index was $11.65{\pm}2.88cm^2$ in males and $9.62{\pm}2.18cm^2$ in females and its reference range was $8.83{\sim}9.75cm^2$ for Group I, $10.62{\sim}11.47cm^2$ for Group II, and $11.89{\sim}14.26cm^2$ for Group III. As a basic measurement method of liver size, the present study suggests measuring the superoinferior diameter for right liver lobe, the anteroposterior diameter for left liver lobe, the transverse diameter for quadrate lobe, and the caudate lobe index for caudate lobe. It is expected that this method along with its relevant reference range can be used as useful indicators in determining hepatomegaly and liver atrophy upon the diagnosis and follow-up testing of diffuse liver disease.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.501-518
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• 2013

Apart from thinning of cortical layers, the local bone curvature, varying along bone periphery, modulates ultrasound waves as well, which is however often underestimated or overlooked in clinical quantitative ultrasound (QUS). A dedicated three-dimensional finite element modelling technique for cortical bones was established, for quantitatively exploring and calibrating the effect of local curvature of cortical bone on ultrasound. Using a correlation-based mode extraction technique, high-velocity group (HVG) and low-velocity group (LVG) wave modes in a human radius were examined. Experimental verification using acrylic cylinders and in vitro testing using a porcine femur were accomplished. Results coherently unravelled the cortical curvature exerts evident influence on bone-guided ultrasound when RoC/${\lambda}$ <1 for HVG mode and RoC/${\lambda}$ <2 for LVG mode (RoC/${\lambda}$: the ratio of local bone curvature radius to wavelength); the sensitivity of LVG mode to bone curvature is higher than HVG mode. It has also been demonstrated the local group velocity of an HVG or LVG mode at a particular skeletal site is equivalent to the velocity when propagating in a uniform cylinder having an outer radius identical to the radius of curvature at that site. This study provides a rule of thumb to compensate for the effect of bone curvature in QUS.