• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.473-479
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• 2005

Background : Gefitinib targets the epidermal growth factor receptor r(EGFR), and Gefitinib has antitumor activity in patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only 10 to 20 percent of patients show a clinical response to this drug, and the molecular mechanisms underlying patient sensitivity to gefitinib are unknown. PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten) plays a role for the modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway (PI3K), which is involved in cell proliferation and survival, so that it can inhibit cell cycle progression and induce G1 arrest. Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between PTEN expression and gefitinib's responsiveness in patients having advanced non small cell lung cancer that had progressed after previous chemotherapy. Methods : The expression of PTEN was studied by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tumor blocks that were obtained from 22 patients who had been treated with gefitinib from JAN, 2001 to AUG. 2004. For the evaluation of the relationships between the PTEN expression, the clinical stage and the basal characteristics, those cases that showed the respective antigen expression in >50% of the tumor cells were considered positive. Results : The positive rate of PTEN staining was 55% of the total of 22 patients. There was a significant relationship between the increased expression of PTEN and the response group (p=0.039). However, there was no significant relationship between the expression of PTEN and other clinicopathologic characteristics. Conclusion: The expression of PTEN in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer that has progressed after previous chemotherapy may play a role in gefitinib's responsiveness.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2016

Hacking has raised many critical issues in the modern world, particularly because the size and cost of the damages caused by this disruptive activity have steadily increased. Accordingly, many significant studies have been conducted by behavioral scientists to understand hackers and their practices. Nonetheless, only qualitative methods, such as interviews, meta-studies, and media studies, have been employed in such studies because of hacker sampling limitations. Existing studies have determined that intrinsic motivation was the dominant factor influencing hackers, and that their techniques were mainly acquired from online hacking communities. However, such results have yet to be causally proven. This study attempted to identify the causal factors influencing the motivational and environmental factors encouraging hackers to learn hacking skills. To this end, hacker community members using the theory of planned behavior were observed to identify the causal factors of their learning of hacking skills. We selected a group of students who were developing their hacking skills. The survey was conducted over a two-week period in May 2015 with a total of 227 students as respondents. After list-wise deletion, 215 of the responses were deemed usable (94.7 percent). In summary, the hackers were aware that hacking skills are considered socially unethical, and their attitudes toward the learning of hacking skills were affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. In addition, the characteristics of the online hacking community affected their perceived behavioral control. This study introduced new concepts in the process of conducting a causal relationship analysis on a hacker sample. Moreover, this research expanded the discussion on the causal direction of subjective norms in unethical research, and empirically confirmed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect the learning of hacking skills. This study also made a practical contribution by raising the educational and policy response issues for ethical hackers and demonstrating the necessity to intensify the punishment for hacking.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.428-433
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• 2020

In this study, we created pupal stage extracts of Apis mellifera L. drones for use in cosmetic materials. The effect of the drone pupae extract (DPE) on HDF cells was assessed for analysis of anti-wrinkle activity by collagen or collagenase gene expression, and the skin-lightening effect was studied by in vitro tyrosinase inhibition and B16F10 melanoma assay; the two cells were found to be non-cellular when the concentration of DPE was 100 ㎍/ml. Albutin concentration (positive control) in the whitening test was set at a capacity of 100 ug/ml and m-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). A melanin-producing induction material was set at a concentration of 100 nM, and the expression of collagen type I and MMP1 collagenase was measured using HDF cells. MMP1 expression was seen to reduce in a concentration-dependent manner in treatment with DPE. Inhibiting melanin generation with B16F12 cells indicated a tendency to decrease in the DPE treatment group. Both L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA as DPE were used in an in vitro tyrosinase induction test to demonstrate the effects of tyrosinase suppression on concentrations. The higher the concentration of DPE, the greater the wrinkle reduction and whitening effect. In conclusion, it was found that DPE is an effective smoothing and whitening material by increasing collagen generation and inhibiting collagenase expression and reducing melanin production.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.2 s.53
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• pp.199-214
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• 1996

To investigate the factors which affecting the cognitive function and depression of the 65 or more age group, the authors surveyed for the subjects in the region of Taejon and nearby Taejon area. 729 studied subjects were tested for cognitive function with MMSE and depression with GDS. The main results were followings; In the studied subjects, the rate of normal cognitive function was 56.8%, the rate of mildly impaired was 24.1% and the rate of severe impairment was 19.1%. The cognitive function level was closely related to the depression score. As the age increased, the cognitive function was more impaired. Sexual difference was also existed in the cognitive function level and the depression score. After adjusting the effect of age, the variables such as sex, marital status, education level, past job, instrumental ability of daily living, regular physical exercise, frequencies of going out the house, chest discomfort, visual and auditory disturbance, and dizziness had the significant relationship with cognitive function impairment. Among these variables instrumental ADL, age, visual disturbance, and sex showed statistical significance in the logistic regression model. In the multiple stepwise regression, the variables which had significant relationship to depression score were education level, frequencies of going out house, current job and house work activity, regular physical exercise, instrumental ADL, self-rated health and nutritional status, dimness, visual disturbance, and chest pain. In conclusion, main characteristics which had close relationship to the cognitive function and depression symptoms in the studied subjects were physical function and self rated health status.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.765-776
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out availability of a urban forest (Eudeungsan) as a substitute place of Mudeungsan Provincial Park (MPP) in overuse problem and to identify related factors to place substitutability. During June-August of 2012, 232 samples who have ever visited both of the two places (i.e., MPP and Euduengsan) in Gwang-ju city were selected by using convenient sampling and snowball sampling methods. Self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted, and the valid responses from 225 samples (97.0%) were used for data analysis. 24.2% of respondents had "considerably" or "very much" intention to use the substitute place, and 65.5% of respondents showed "a little" or "somewhat" 10.3% of respondents didn't have any intention to visit Eudeungsan as a substitute place of MPP. Generally, socio-demographic and visiting characteristics were not related with intention to visit Eudeungsan as a substitute place of MPP. It was only found that respondents who largely visit 'alone' to Eudeungsan tended to have higher intention to visit the substitute place than those who visit 'in group.' Three factors of reasons to visit Eudeungsan (i.e.,Challenge/self-development: ${\beta}=0.35$; Accessibility/familiarity: ${\beta}=0.27$; Adventure: ${\beta}=-0.19$) influenced intention to visit the substitute place. Relationship between reasons to visit and intention to visit the substitute place was found. No direct relationship was found between perceived similarity of the places and intention to visit substitute place, and similarity of recreation experiences showed perfect mediating effects between the two variables.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2019

Lysosomes are cellular organelles involved in energy metabolism and intracellular digestion in eukaryotic cells, including protease, nuclease, glycosidase, lipase, and phosphatase. Our previous studies have confirmed that egg white lysosomes had melanin decolorization and reduction activity. However, there have been few studies on skin barrier and skin regeneration as well as inhibition of melanin production by egg white lysosomes on B16F10 melanocyte cell line. In this study, we attempted to identify the effect of lysosome-related organelle extract (LOE) extracted from egg white on the melanin content change and skin barrier enhancement in cells. First, cytotoxicity evaluation was performed on B16F10 melanocyte cell line to confirm the whitening efficacy of LOE. Cytotoxicity by LOE was not observed at 20 mg/mL concentration, but cytotoxicity was observed at 40 mg/mL, and the maximum concentration value was set to 20 mg/mL in all subsequent experiments. LOE samples of 5, 10, 20 mg/mL inhibited melanin production by 61.5 ± 4.0%, 61.4 ± 7.3%, 58.3 ± 8.3%, respectivly, compared to α-MSH, a negative control in melanin contents assay. MITF mRNA expression was reduced by about 39.7 ± 3.2% compared to the α-MSH treatment group. TEER assay using HaCaT showed that LOE increased TEER resistance in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that LOE is involved in strengthening the skin barrier. LOE also increased the TEER resistance under TNF-α treatment. Skin barrier was normally restored by LOE even under the condition of inflammation. LOE had a positive effect on cell division and cell migration promotion, confirmed by the observing the effect of promoting cell migration by LOE through cell migration assay. Taken together, we expect that LOE can be developed as a cosmetic material to enhance has effects on skin regeneration and skin barrier strengthening as well as whitening function if enzyme stabilization and formulation technology are combined.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.185-209
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• 1997

Granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area cosist of three plutons-Baegrog granodiorite, Cheongsan porphyritic granite, and two mica granite. Amphilboles from the Baegrog granodiorite belong to the calcic amphilbole group and show compositional variations from magnesio-hornblende in the core to actinolitic hornblende in the rim. Biotites from the three granites represent intermediate compositions between phlogopite and annite. Muscovites from the two mica granite are considered to be primary muscovite in terms of the occurrence and mineral chemistry. Each granitic rock reveals systematic variation of major oxide contents with $SiO_2$. Major oxide variation trends of the Baegrog granodiorite are fairly different from those of Cheongsan porphyritic granite and two mica granite. The latter two granitic rocks are also different with each other in variation trends for some oxides. Thus three granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area were solidifield from the independent magmas of chemically different, heterogeneous origin. The granitic rocks in the area show calc-alkaline nature. The whole rock geochemistry shows that the Baegrog granodiorite and Cheongsan porphyritic granite belong to metaluminous, I-type granite, whereas the two mica granite to peraluminous, I/S-type granite. The opaque mineral contents and magnetic susceptibility represent that the granitic rocks in the area are ilmenite-series granite, indicating that each magma was solidified under relatively reducing environment. The tectonic environment of the granitic activity in the area seems to have been active continental margin. Alkali feldspar megacryst in the Cheongsan porphyritic granite is considered to be magmatic, judging from the crystal size, shape, arrangement, and distribution pattern of inclusions. The petro-graphical characteristics of the Cheongsan porphyritic granite can be explained by two stage crystallization. Under the smaller degree of undercooling the alkali feldspar megacrysts rapidly grew owing to slow rate of nucleation and fast growth rate. At the larger degree of undercooling the nucleation rate and density drastically increased and the small crystals of the matrix were formed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation on recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta (rhTGF-${\beta}2$) / poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) treated titanium discs by electrospray. Materials and methods: Anodized titanium surface coated with PLGA was used for a control group to compare anodized titanium surface coated with 125 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml rhTGF-${\beta}2$ as test groups. Atomic force microscope (AFM) test was utilized to determine the difference in coating surface roughness, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was taken to visualize even distribution of coating particles on titanium discs. The mesenchymal stem cell proliferation was tested by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay on 1st, 4th, 7th days. Results: According to AFM results, there was no statistically significant difference in titanium discs treated with PLGA and with rhTGF-${\beta}2$/PLGA (P>.05). MTT assay test results showed that there was statistically significant difference in mesenchymal stem cell proliferation on test groups compared to control groups at 7th day, and cell viability on discs coated with rhTGF-${\beta}2$ was significantly higher than control groups (P<.05). Conclusion: Titanium surface coated with rhTGF-${\beta}2$/PLGA shows statistically significant higher cell proliferation and the titanium surface coated with the higher concentration of rhTGF-${\beta}2$ presents faster cell growth activity.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.169-182
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• 2014

This study investigates the physicochemical quality characteristics of tomato sauce added with different kinds of pimpinella brachycarpa. The results are as follows. The pH of tomato sauce added with freeze-dried pimpinella brachycarpa, in contrast to the tomato sauce with raw pimpinella brachycarpa, decreased as the addition quantity of the sample increased. As for sugar content, PBP0 with Pimpinella brachycarpa contained was shown to be the highest with 10.83. For chromaticity, all values (e.g, L, A and B) of tomato sauce added with pimpinella brachycarpa and with freeze-dried pimpinella brachycarpa decreased showing significant differences among the samples as the addition quantity of the samples increased. With increased addition quantity of the sample with freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, its water content decreased. PBP4, addition group with 4% of freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, was shown to be the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity as 29.58. When adding Pimpinella brachycarpa to tomato sauce, a total number of micro-organisms decreased. In case of adding raw Pimpinella brachycarpa rather than freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa, it created a further effect on an inhibitive action of growing and developing micro-organisms. In the preference of tomato sauce with Pimpinella brachycarpa, PBF2 with 2% of Pimpinella brachycarpa had the highest score as 5.1 for the color. For taste, 3.7, the lowest taste score, was shown in PBF1with 1% of Pimpinella brachycarpa. The overall preference revealed that PBF2 was the highest scoring 5.8.. PBF3 was scored highest with 5.9 for overall preference. From the comprehensive findings, 2~3% of the addition ratio between raw Pimpinella brachycarpa and freeze-dried Pimpinella brachycarpa in the production of tomato sauce is considered the most preferable.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2005

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess cognitive functions and their relationship with sleep symptoms in young narcoleptic patients. Methods: Eighteen young narcolepsy patients and 18 normal controls (age: 17-35 years old) were recruited. All narcolepsy patients had HLA $DQB_1$ *0602 allele and cataplexy. Several important areas of cognition were assessed by a battery of neuropsychological tests consisting of 13 tests: executive functions (e.g. cognitive set shifting, inhibition, and selective attention) through Wisconsin card sorting test, Trail Making A/B, Stroop test, Ruff test, Digit Symbol, Controlled Oral Word Association and Boston Naming Test; alertness and sustained attention through paced auditory serial addition test; verbal/nonverbal short-term memory and working memory through Digit Span and Spatial Span; visuospatial memory through Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; verbal learning and memory through California verbal learning test; and fine motor activity through grooved pegboard test. Sleep symptoms in narcolepsy patients were assessed with Epworth sleepiness scale, Ullanlinna narcolepsy scale, multiple sleep latency test, and nocturnal polysomnography. Relationship between cognitive functions and sleep symptoms in narcolepsy patients was also explored. Results: Compared with normal controls, narcolepsy patients showed poor performance in paced auditory serial addition (2.0 s and 2.4 s), digit symbol tests, and spatial span (forward)(t=3.86, p<0.01; t=-2.47, p=0.02; t=-3.95, p<0.01; t=-2.22, p=0.03, respectively). There were no significant between-group differences in other neuropsychological tests. In addition, results of neuropsychological test in narcolepsy patients were not correlated with Epworth sleepiness scale score, Ullanlinna narcolepsy scale score and sleep variables in multiple sleep latency test or nocturnal polysomnography. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that young narcolepsy patients have impaired attention. In addition, impairment of attention in narcolepsy might not be solely due to sleep symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness.