• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.201-226
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• 2020

A systematic numerical comparative study of the performance of semicircular and rectangular submerged breakwaters interacting with solitary waves is the basis of this paper. To accomplish this task, Nwogu's extended Boussinesq model equations are employed to simulate the interaction of the wave with breakwaters. The finite difference technique has been used to discretize the spatial terms while a fourth-order predictor-corrector method is employed for time discretization in our numerical model. The proposed computational scheme uses a staggered-grid system where the first-order spatial derivatives have been discretized with fourth-order accuracy. For validation purposes, five test cases are considered and numerical results have been successfully compared with the existing analytical and experimental results. The performances of the rectangular and semicircular breakwaters have been examined in terms of the wave reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients (RTD coefficients) denoted by K_R, K_T, K_D. The latter coefficient K_D emerges due to the non-energy conserving K_R and K_T. Our computational results and graphical illustrations show that the rectangular breakwater has higher reflection coefficients than semicircular breakwater for a fixed crest height, but as the wave height increases, the two reflection coefficients approach each other. un the other hand, the rectangular breakwater has larger dissipation coefficients compared to that of the semicircular breakwater and the difference between them increases as the height of the crest increases. However, the transmission coefficient for the semicircular breakwater is greater than that of the rectangular breakwater and the difference in their transmission coefficients increases with the crest height. Quantitatively, for rectangular breakwaters the reflection coefficients K_R are 5-15% higher while the diffusion coefficients K_D are 3-23% higher than that for the semicircular breakwaters, respectively. The transmission coefficients K_T for rectangular breakwater shows the better performance up to 2.47% than that for the semicircular breakwaters. Based on our computational results, one may conclude that the rectangular breakwater has a better overall performance than the semicircular breakwater. Although the model equations are non-dissipative, the non-energy conserving transmission and reflection coefficients due to wave-breakwater interactions lead to dissipation type contribution.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

원통 다발형 그레인의 연소시험 결과 저주파 불안정 현상이 나타났다. 그 원인은 원통 그레인 내면의 압력과 외면의 압력차(압력 비평형)가 주원인임을 알 수 있었으며, 그레인 반경방향으로 홀을 뚫어 그레인 내면에 상승된 압력을 외면으로 빠르게 확산되도록 하여 안정된 연소현상을 얻을 수 있었다. 그러나 고온 조건에서도 안정된 연소 현상을 얻기 위하여 직경 3mm 흘 7개를 뚫게 됨에 따라 가스발생량의 증가가 많이 둔화되어 격자를 사용하는 방법을 연구하게 되었다. 격자를 사용함으로써 큰 와류(large vorticity)를 소멸시켜 그레인에 홀을 뚫지 않고도 안정된 연소를 얻을 수 있었으며 가스 발생량도 점진적으로 증가시킬 수 있었다. 가로${\times}$세로 격자는 5${\times}$5, 그레인은 격자에 고정시키지 않을 때 가장 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of prolonged exposure in hot environmental condition and ingestion of fluid on various physiological variables including plasma glucose, lactate, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate as well as golf putting performance. Six male professional golfers were voluntarily participated in three different putting trials which were separated by seven days of time interval period. Three different putting trials were conducted at either 20℃ or 32℃, or 32℃ + Fluid ingestion. Performing 32℃ + Fluid ingestion trial, all subject ingested sport drink as much as their body mass was decreased. For each experiment, all subjects were undertaken total 48 putting, which separated by four x 12 putting in four different time points (i.e., Rest, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr). Plasma glucose concentration was significantly decreased with hot ambient condition but it was almost fully recovered by fluid ingestion. Plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher when subjects were exposed in hot environmental condition, and it did not change with fluid ingestion. There was a no different in putting performance and psychological fatigue level (performed by GRID test) at any environmental conditions. The RPE, commonly used for evaluating of physical fatigue level, was significantly dropped by fluid ingestion which indicates lower physical fatigue level. In addition to this, heart rate (HR) was also significantly decreased after fluid ingestion. Based on these results, it was concluded that the ingestion of fluid during prolonged exposure in hot ambient condition decrease the degree of physical fatigue levels and heart rate, which will possibly improve the golf performance when exposed in extreme weather condition in summer. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 117～124, 2005)

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.273-284
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• 2002

In this paper, computer simulations of the physical Phenomena occurring in the arc region before and after current zero were carried out to evaluate the dielectric recovery characteristics of two types of double-flow nozzles. A commercial CFD Program "PHOENICS" is used for the simulation and the user-coded subroutines to consider the arcing phenomena were added to this program by the authors. The computed results were verified by the comparison with the test results presented by the research group of BBC. In order to investigate the state of the arc region after current zero, the simulation was carried out with four steps. They are cold gas flow analysis, steady state arc simulation, transient arc simulation before current zero, transient hot gas flow simulation after current zero. The semi-experimental arc radiation model is adapted to consider the radiation energy transport and Prandtl′s mixing length model is employed as the turbulence model. The electric field and the magnetic field were calculated with the same grid structure used for the simulation of the flow field. The streamer criterion was introduced to evaluate the dielectric recovery characteristics after current zero. Compared with the results obtained by assuming the current zero state in the former studies, it has been found that the results obtained by considering the state before current zerowere more accurate.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2004

화염에 의한 종방향 공력 특성의 변화를 해석하기 위하여 고형 화염 모형을 이용한 풍동 시험과 고형 화염 모형과 제트 화염 모델을 이용한 난류 유동 수치 해석을 실시하였다. 화염 경계면 근사 가법을 이용하여 산출한 형상을 본떠 화염 모형을 제작하였으며 제트 화염 모델링 기법을 이용하여 공기와 실제 화염의 열역학적 차이로 인한 오차를 보정한 공기 제트 화염을 생생하였다. 화염과 외부 공기의 간섭에 대해 난류 모델간의 비교를 통하여 정확도와 격자 의존성 등에서 Spalart-Allmaras 모델이 좋은 결과를 주었다. 수치 해석을 통하여 고형 화염 모형과 제트 화염의 차이를 분석하였으며, 실제 비행 시험에 대한 화염 영향을 분석하기 위하여 연소실과 대기 압력 비와 레이놀즈수에 따른 변화를 해석하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1458-1464
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• 2011

본 연구는 유출분석을 위하여 수문학적 모델에 근거한 지형적인 특성을 반영한 TOPMODEL의 적용성을 평가하는 것이다. 적용대상은 섬진강 상류유역에 위치한 산악지역으로서 쌍치 소유역이고, 유역면적은 $126.7km^2$이다. 2006~2009년에 선택된 6시간 간격의 강우-유출 자료를 가지고 Pattern Search 방법에 의한 관측유출자료를 사용하여 모델의 매개변수들을 조정하였다. 쌍치 유역의 지형학적인 인자들은 $100m{\times}100m$ 격자의 수치 표고모델에 의하여 추출하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 모델의 매개변수인 지수저류 매개변수(m), 투수량계수(T0), 불포화대 지체시간(TD)등은 수문학적인 반응에 민감하였으며, 모의된 유출자료는 관측 유출자료와 잘 일치하여 합리적인 적용성을 보인다.

• 대기
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.483-498
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• 2017

Sky view factor can quantify the influence of complex obstructions. This study aims to evaluate the best available SVF method that represents an urban thermal condition with land cover in complex city of Korea and also to quantify a correlation between SVF and mean air temperature; the results are as follows. First, three SVF methods comparison result shows that urban thermal study should consider forest canopy induced effects because the forest canopy test (on/off) on SVF reveals significant difference range (0.8, between maximum value and minimum value) in comparison with the range (0.1~0.3) of SVFs (Fisheye, SOLWEIG and 3DPC) difference. The significance is bigger as a forest cover proportion become larger. Second, R-square between SVF methods and urban local mean air temperature seems more reliable at night than a day. And as the value of SVF increased, it showed a positive slope in summer day and a negative slope in winter night. In the SVF calculation method, Fisheye SVF, which is the observed value, is close to the 3DPC SVF, but the grid-based SWG SVF is higher in correlation with the temperature. However, both urban climate monitoring and model/analysis study need more development because of the different between SVF and mean air temperature correlation results in the summer night period, which imply other major factors such as cooling air by the forest canopy, warming air by anthropogenic heat emitted from fuel oil combustion and so forth.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.876-882
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 상업적으로 가장 많이 쓰이는 패키징의 하나인 PBGA 구조가 발사중 인공위성에서 발생하는 강력한 임의 진동하에서 구조적 신뢰성을 유지하는가에 대한 검증에 있다. 실험시편을 만들기 위해 데이지 체인이 형성된 회로기판에 두 가지 큰 사이즈의 PBGA칩들을 실장시킨 후, 인공위성의 전자장비 채결에 사용되는 일반적인 알루미늄 프레임에 고정하여 실험에 필요한 샘플을 제작하였다. 이 샘플을 진동 시험기에 고정시키고 22.7 Grms의 수락수준 및 32.1 Grms의 인증수준 등 두 단계로 구성된 임의진동을 사용하여 주어진 시간에 따라 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 모든 샘플에서 솔더의 균열이 발생되지 않았으며, 차후 항공 및 우주용 전자장비를 대치할 수 있는 효과적인 패키징 구조의 가능성을 보여 줬다. 또한 유한요소법을 이용하여 솔더의 응력을 계산하고 그 발생 메커니즘을 해석하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2009년도 제40회 하계학술대회
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• pp.2219_2220
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• 2009

The characteristics of the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system are faster response, longer life time, more economical, and environment friendly than other Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) using battery. Fast charge and discharge time of SMES system can provide powerful performance of improving power quality in the grid. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of SMES, the authors make a 10kJ SMES system for connection with RTDS (Real Time Digital Simulator). Because the characteristics of superconducting magnet are very important in SMES system, the necessary items such as thermal characteristic, mechanical stress and protection circuit should be considered. In this paper, the authors experimented thermal characteristics of the 10kJ SMES system. The experiment was accomplished using a simulation coils made of aluminium. It has same dimension of the 10kJ class HTS SMES coil. The coil was cooled with GM (Gifford -McMahon) cryocooler through the OFHC (Oxgen Free High thermal Conductivity) conduction bar. The test results of cool down and heat loads characteristics of the simulation coils are described in detail.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.288-307
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• 2016

Image distortions are typically characterized by degradations of structures. Dictionaries learned from natural images can capture the underlying structures in images, which are important for image quality assessment (IQA). This paper presents a general-purpose no-reference image quality metric using a GRadient-Induced Dictionary (GRID). A dictionary is first constructed based on gradients of natural images using K-means clustering. Then image features are extracted using the dictionary based on Euclidean-norm coding and max-pooling. A distortion classification model and several distortion-specific quality regression models are trained using the support vector machine (SVM) by combining image features with distortion types and subjective scores, respectively. To evaluate the quality of a test image, the distortion classification model is used to determine the probabilities that the image belongs to different kinds of distortions, while the regression models are used to predict the corresponding distortion-specific quality scores. Finally, an overall quality score is computed as the probability-weighted distortion-specific quality scores. The proposed metric can evaluate image quality accurately and efficiently using a small dictionary. The performance of the proposed method is verified on public image quality databases. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed metric can generate quality scores highly consistent with human perception, and it outperforms the state-of-the-arts.