• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

An apartment complex is a building use with great potential to contribute to solving problems related to urban ecological environment and climate change. The first goal of this study is to grasp the current situation of application and limitations of the ecological area rate, which is a representative evaluation index used to evaluate the environmental performance of the external space of an apartment complex in Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED). The second goal is to propose a prototype of the evaluation index for evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction performance in order to supplement the evaluation index for the environmental performance of the external space in terms of response to climate change. We analyzed 43 cases of apartment complexes certified according to G-SEED, which was enforced since July 1, 2010, and found application characteristics of each space type and the limitations of ecological area rate. We analyzed overseas green building certification systems such as LEED and BREEAM that derived implications for supplementing the limitations of ecological area rate, which is focused on the evaluation of soil and water circulation function, and set up a development direction of complementary measures. Through analysis of previous studies, relevant regulations and standards, and technical documents of the manufacturer, the heat island mitigation performance of the pavement and roof surfaces of the apartment complex and the carbon uptake performance of the trees in the apartment complex was selected as parameters to yield the GHG reduction performance of the external space of the apartment complex. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method for each parameter and a prototype of the evaluation index for the GHG reduction performance were proposed. As a result of applying the prototype to an apartment complex case, the possibility of adoption and applicability as an evaluation index of G-SEED were proved.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권11호
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• pp.27.1-27.8
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• 2018

Background: Enteric methane ($CH_4$) accounts for about 70% of total $CH_4$ emissions from the ruminant animals. Researchers are exploring ways to mitigate enteric $CH_4$ emissions from ruminants. Recently, nano zinc oxide (nZnO) has shown potential in reducing $CH_4$ and hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) production from the liquid manure under anaerobic storage conditions. Four different levels of nZnO and two types of feed were mixed with rumen fluid to investigate the efficacy of nZnO in mitigating gaseous production. Methods: All experiments with four replicates were conducted in batches in 250 mL glass bottles paired with the ANKOM$^{RF}$ wireless gas production monitoring system. Gas production was monitored continuously for 72 h at a constant temperature of $39{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in a water bath. Headspace gas samples were collected using gas-tight syringes from the Tedlar bags connected to the glass bottles and analyzed for greenhouse gases ($CH_4$ and carbon dioxide-$CO_2$) and $H_2S$ concentrations. $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ gas concentrations were analyzed using an SRI-8610 Gas Chromatograph and $H_2S$ concentrations were measured using a Jerome 631X meter. At the same time, substrate (i.e. mixed rumen fluid+ NP treatment+ feed composite) samples were collected from the glass bottles at the beginning and at the end of an experiment for bacterial counts, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) analysis. Results: Compared to the control treatment the $H_2S$ and GHGs concentration reduction after 72 h of the tested nZnO levels varied between 4.89 to 53.65%. Additionally, 0.47 to 22.21% microbial population reduction was observed from the applied nZnO treatments. Application of nZnO at a rate of $1000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ have exhibited the highest amount of concentration reductions for all three gases and microbial population. Conclusion: Results suggest that both 500 and $1000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ nZnO application levels have the potential to reduce GHG and $H_2S$ concentrations.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.609-628
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• 2015

Thie study presents the biomass-derived jet (bio-jet) fuel production technologies for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in aviation sector. The aviation sector is responsible for the 2% of the world anthropogenic $CO_2$ emissions and the 10% of the fuel consumption: airlines' costs for fuel reach 30% of operating costs. In addition, the aviation traffic is expected to double within 15 years from 2012, while fuel consumption and $CO_2$ emissions should double in 25 years. Biojet fuels have been claimed to be one of the most promising and strategic solutions to mitigate aviation emissions. This jet fuel, additionally, must meet ASTM International specifications and potentially be a100% drop-in replacement for current petroleum jet fuel. In this study, the current technologies for producing renewable jet fuels, categorized by alcohols-to-jet, oil-to-jet, syngas-to-jet, and sugar-to-jet pathways are reviewed for process, economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) on conversion pathways to bio-jet fuel.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2018

본 연구는 2014년 10월 동안 인천항만에 기항하는 선박들의 온실가스 배출량을 추정하고자 시도되었다. 온실가스 배출량 추정을 위하여 AIS 데이터를 토대로 한 Bottom-up 방식을 활용하였으며 연료소비총량과 연료소비의 결과로서 발생한 이산화탄소 총량을 함께 분석하였다. 배출량 추정은 선박의 종류를 토대로 추정되었으며 각각 개별 선박의 날짜-시간 스템프 사이에서 그들의 움직임에 따라 계산되었다. 인천항에서 운항되는 최종 330 척(AIS-데이터)의 선박 샘플의 결과에 따르면 선박들의 총 이산화탄소 배출량은 164693.06 톤으로 추정되었으며, 연구기간동안 이들 선박의 총 연료소비량은 51953.64 톤에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 선박의 종류에 따른 구체적 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 여객선이 배출량 81409.6톤으로 가장 오염이 심한 선박으로 나타났으며, 그 뒤를 이어 예인선 (37248.4톤), 화물선 (32154.6톤), 다른 활동에 사용된 선박 (9039.1톤), 화학 탱커 (4027.06톤) 그리고 어선 (814.048톤) 순으로 확인되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2012

기후변화협약 제16차 당사국총회에서 결정된 칸쿤 합의문의 REDD+ 결정문과 노르웨이의 인도네시아 REDD+ 국가 전략을 평가하기 위한 중요 요소를 바탕으로 인도네시아의 REDD+ 전략을 사전에 평가하기 위한 4가지 정성적인 기준을 개발하였다. '산림전용 및 산림황폐화의 원인 규명'(평가기준 1)과 '국가 MRV 체계 수립'(평가기준 2)은 REDD+가 성공할 수 있는 토대이다. '실질적인 온실가스 감축'(평가기준 3)은 REDD+의 궁극적인 목적이고 지역주민 및 원주민의 권리를 보장하고 생물다양성을 보장하는 '안전장치의 보장'(평가기준 4)은 REDD+의 보완적인 목적이자 REDD+ 성공의 토대라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 개발한 REDD+ 평가를 위한 기준 및 지표는 인도네시아뿐만 아니라 개도국의 REDD+ 국가 전략을 이해하기 위한 기본 틀을 제공한다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.141-164
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• 2015

최근 국가온실가스배출량 측정과 관련하여 소비기반 배출량에 대한 관심과 연구가 증가하고 있다. 소비기반 배출량은 정의상 국제무역에 함유된 온실가스 배출량과 직접적인 관계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 에너지 연소에 따른 이산화탄소 배출에 한하여 한국의 주요 교역상대국들에 대한 최종재 수출에 함유된 상품별 국내외 탄소배출 비중을 계산할 뿐만 아니라 한국의 자국 최종수요에 기인한 탄소배출과 외국 최종수요에 기인한 탄소배출을 분해하여 이를 주요 교역상대국들과 비교한다. 또한 한국의 주요 교역상대국들에 대한 수출에 얽혀 있는 탄소사슬을 분석하고 탄소사슬별 탄소집약도를 계산하여 주요 특징들을 살펴본다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제57권12호
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• pp.2199-2201
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• 2008

Sulfur hexafluoride($SF_6$) is a gaseous dielectric used in high voltage electrical equipment such as an insultor or arc quenching medium in the transmission and distribution of electricity. however, $SF_6$ is one of the greenhouse gases(GHG) with a global warming potential that is 23,900 times greater than that of carbon dioxide($CO_2$). for this reason, $SF_6$ emissions in electric equipment shall be controlled to reduce GHG and improve cost-effective use of $SF_6$ for economical benefits. Until recently there has not been any investigation on $SF_6$ emission characteristics and inventory in Korea. To understand emission characteristics during the use-phase, the scope of this study was limited to the following closed pressure system equipment from 10 substations in Korea. This study highlights (1) the investigation of sampling/analysis methodology for $SF_6$ emissions in high voltage equipment, (2) the estimation of $SF_6$ emissions in the use-phase, and (3) the comparison between the emission ratio and the mass-balance applied to inventory study. According to this study, the majority of emissions were related to electric equipment nameplates and the rest of the emissions were related to the handling of $SF_6$ during operations. from this result, emission ratios estimated from this study were similar; GIS was 14% and GCB was 13%, as maintenance process conditions were the same as manual process conditions for both equipment.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.667-679
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• 2015

The bearer of the power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer for the following reasons. Firstly, power companies are constrained in establishing appropriate strategies to comply with ETS regulations due to the structural differences between the domestic power market and emission trading system. In other words, because power companies do not have a right to determine price and production of electricity, they have to compete with other companies under disadvantaged conditions in the emission trading market. Secondly, because ETS compliance cost is part of power production costs as it is also clearly written in the national greenhouse gas reduction road-map and the second energy supply plan, the cost should be included in power price following the power market operation rule. Thirdly, the most effective method to reduce carbon emissions in power sector is to reduce power demand, which is efficiently achieved through raising power price to a realistic level. Low power price in Korea is the major cause of rising power demand which is also the major cause of rising GHG emission. Therefore, power sector's ETS compliance cost should be included in power price to encourage power consumers' actions on reducing power consumption. Fourthly, when externality cost occurs in the process of delivering public services, usually beneficiary pay principle is applied to identify the cost bearer. Since electricity is one representative public good, the bearer of power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.460-468
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• 2021

이산화탄소 및 온실가스의 배출, 과도한 에너지 소비 및 천연자원의 고갈을 막기 위해 콘크리트의 대체재를 찾는 것은 건설업의 해결과제이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 콘크리트보다 환경친화적인 지오폴리머가 주목을 받고 있으며, 실제 시공을 목적으로 강도 및 내구성에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로, 지오폴리머의 강도 및 내구성은 알칼리 용액의 종류 및 농도, 전구물질, 양생 온도 및 시간 등 여러 요인에 따라 달라지며, 이는 지오폴리머의 강도와 내구성에 영향을 미치는 화학조성 및 미세구조에 큰 영향을 미친다. 기존의 연구에서 최적의 알칼리 용액의 종류 및 농도, 전구물질, 양생 온도 및 시간을 통하여 지오폴리머의 압축강도 및 내구성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였으며, 본 연구에서는 과거의 연구 결과를 검토하고 이러한 요인이 지오폴리머의 압축강도 및 내구성에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 종합하였다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2017

Recently the Paris Climate Change Accord has been officially put into effect, making global efforts to implement Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reductions, and also International environmental regulations in the automotive sector will be further strengthened. The electric vehicle, which minimizes the particulate matter generated by existing internal combustion engine automobiles, is evaluated as a representative eco-friendly automobile. However, charging the battery of an electric vehicle is not fully environment-friendly if it is fueled by electricity that is being generated by fossil fuels as an energy source. The energy generated by the photovoltaic power generation system, which is an infinite clean energy, can be used to charge an electric vehicle's battery. Currently, shortage of charging facilities, time of charging, and high battery prices are the problem of activating the supply of electric vehicles. This study is to build a conjunction between the EVBSS (Electric Vehicle Battery Supply System) and ESS (Energy Storage System), which can quickly supply the photovoltaic charged battery to the required demand. If the charged battery in the Battery Swapping Station (BSS) is swapped swiftly, it will dramatically shorten the waiting time for charging the battery. As a result, if the battery is rented when it is needed, electric vehicles can be sold without the cost of a battery, which accounts for a large portion of the total cost, then the supply of electric vehicles are expected to expand. Furthermore, it will be an important alternative to maneuver climate change by minimizing GHG emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles.