• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.556-570
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• 2012

The Low Carbon Path Calculator is an excel-based model to project greenhouse gas emissions from 2009 to 2050, which is based on the 2050 Pathways Calculator developed by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Scenarios are developed to reduce GHG emissions in Korea at 50% based on 2005 levels by 2050 using a Low Carbon Path Calculator. They were classified in four different cases, which are high renewable, high nuclear, high CCS and mixed option scenarios. The objectives of this study are to compare scenarios in terms of GHG emissions, final energy, primary energy and electricity generation and examine the usefulness of that model in terms of identifying pathways towards a low carbon emission society. This model will enhance the understanding of the pathways toward a low carbon society and the level of the climate change policy for policy makers, stakeholders, and the public. This study can be considered as a reference for developing strategies in reducing GHG emissions in the long term.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

University buildings are energy-guzzling facility that consume more than 10,000TOE within a campus annually. Even the consumption is on an upswing trend. Behind such high consumption are there cheap power rates for education facility, lack of high-efficiency equipment and ever-increasing use of various information equipment. Being keenly aware that greenhouse gas emission increases due to such rise of energy consumption, the present study carried out a case study. In the case study, the study chose the buildings of E university from top 10 universities that consume energy most in Seoul and examined the current status of their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. And then it set the reduction target of greenhouse gas by year. Putting aside a middle and long-termed strategy for later endeavor, it first established the 1st year's implementation plan (2014) for energy saving and greenhouse gas reduction with limited budget and according to greenhouse gas reduction target. The plan is specified as follows. Targets for energy saving are mainly divided into two sectors: machine equipment and electric equipment. 7 ideas were proposed. Three ideas to improve machine equipment are to replace with high-efficiency boilers and chillers and to adjust the position of the cooling tower. By doing so, it was estimated that energy could be saved by 176.34TOE in total and greenhouse gas could be reduced by 370.771t$CO_2$-eq. Four ideas to improve electric equipment include the replacement with LED lights, LED emergency lights and high-efficiency motors and the installation of motion sensors. It was calculated that such replacement could conserve 1,076.08TOE (electric energy) and reduce 2,181.420t$CO_2$-eq (greenhouse gas).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.1083-1096
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• 2020

Global attention to the greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is increasing. There is a growing recognition of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation plus (REDD+) as an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the forestry sector. The Republic of Korea is implementing REDD+ pilot projects in four Southeast Asian countries as part of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates countries with the potential to become priority partner countries for Korea's REDD+ programs, using the following five criteria: The first criterion is that a country should include the forest sector and REDD+ in its national plan for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The second and third criteria refer to an average forest coverage rate of over 44% and a forest change rate of over - 0.1%, among the countries with forest cover of more than 10 million ha. The fourth criterion is that the country should meet the Forest Reference Emission Level requirements, one of the four elements of the Warsaw REDD+ Framework. The fifth criterion is that the country should have bilateral relations with the Republic of Korea in forestry while at the same time be a partner country for cooperation on climate change as well as a REDD+ pilot country. Based on our evaluation, we conclude that the first priority countries are Indonesia, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The second priority countries include Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Finally, the third priority countries are Columbia, Congo, and Mozambique. This study suggests that for the selection of priority partner countries, Korean REDD+ programs should center on existing REDD+ pilot countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.61-72
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• 2015

This study was reviewed the national greenhouse gas inventory report (NIR) of Annex I countries and estimated national greenhouse gas inventory on wetlands in Korea. Annex I countries submitted National Inventory Report which are focused on land converted to wetlands category and wetland remaining wetland (mainly peat lands) because IPCC did not suggest a formal methodology on flooded land. So we conducted a study on estimating of national greenhouse gas inventory in wetland (flooded land). The total annual $CO_2-eq.$ emission of wetland remaining wetland (flooded land) was ranged from 99.9 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ to 237.1 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ from 1990 to 2012. The $CO_2-eq.$ emissions was declined after peaking in 1995, however, it slightly increasing in recently years. The latest total $CO_2-eq.$ emission from flooded land was 117.7 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ in 2012 which was covered only 0.00002% of national GHG inventory. This means that flooded land is not key-category in Korea. We will consider an improvement for emissions of flooded land, if IPCC suggest formal or complementary methodology.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2012

The Government of South Korea has continued its effort to fixate virtuous circle of economic growth and climate change response to cope with international demands and pressure to commitment for greenhouse gas reduction effectively. Nationally, Korean Government has established "Enforcement of the Framework Act on Low carbon, Green Growth"(2010. 4. 13) to implement national mid-term GHG mitigation goal(30% reduction by 2020 compare to BAU), which established the foundation for phased GHG mitigation by setting up the sectoral and industrial goal, adopting GHG and Energy Target Management System. Also, follow-up measures are taken such as planning and control of mid-term and short-term mitigation target by detailed analysis of potential mitigation of sector and industry, building up the infrastructure for periodic and systematic analysis of target management. Likewise, it is required to establish more accurate, reliable and detailed sectoral GHG inventory for successfully establishment and implement the frame act. In comparison to the $CO_2$ emission, Especially fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) are lacking research to build the greenhouse gas inventories to identify emissions sources and collection of the applicable collection activities data. In this study, with the refrigeration and air conditioning sector being used to fluorine refrigerant(HFCs) as the center, greenhouse gas emission estimation methodology for evaluating the feasibility of using this methodology look over and mobile air conditioning, fixed air conditioning, household refrigeration equipment, commercial refrigeration equipment for the greenhouse gas emissions were calculated. First look at in terms of methodology, refrigeration and air conditioning sector GHG emissions in developing country-specific emission factors and activity data of the industrial sector the construction of the DB is not enough, it's 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 2a (emission factor approach) rather than the Tier 2b (mass balance approach) deems appropriate, and each detail by process, sectoral activity data more accurate, if DB is built Tier 2a (emission factor approach) can be applied will also be judged. Refrigeration and air conditioning sector in 2009 due to the use of refrigerant greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2eq.$) assessment results, portable air conditioner 1,974,646 ton to year, fixed-mount air conditioner 1,011,754 ton to year, household refrigeration unit 4,396 ton to year, commercial refrigeration equipment 1,263 ton to year was estimated to total 2,992,037 tons.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of a landfill project aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) from Puerto Cortes Landfill in Honduras ("Project"). The feasibility study involved surveying the status, composition and amount of waste entering the landfill, and projecting GHG emissions from the landfill. A projection of the GHG emissions with the IPCC model and based on the survey results indicated that the period 2027 to 2041 would see a total GHG emission reduction of 506,835 ton-CO₂/year, with a mean yearly GHG emission reduction of 33,789 ton-CO₂, assuming landfill gas collection is implemented, The findings of the study are expected to serve as basic data for deciding about whether and how to proceed with the Project.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.291-303
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• 2013

After establishing national greenhouse gas emission reduction goals, the South Korean government has been pursuing sector- and industry-specific greenhouse gas emission reduction measures; in support of which, metropolitan city / state governing entities, such as Gyeonggi Province, etc., have been in lock steps by establishing and executing climate change measures that are appropriate for the regional characteristics. However, in the case of local governments, difficulties abound due to the fact that the per-unit greenhouse gas emission amounts and the future emission estimates for establishing reduction targets are not clear. In order to establish correct climate change measure policies, the policy directions and the assessment of verified greenhouse gas emission amounts would need to serve as the basis, and along with the national level climate change effect and vulnerability assessment, there's a need to develop methodologies that take into consideration the local characteristics and conditions. To this end, this study calculated the greenhouse gas emission amounts of the City of Siheung, a basic local government in Gyeonggi Province, by using the GEBT (Greenhouse gas Emission Business-as-usual Tool) developed by the National Institute of Environmental Research to facilitate easy calculations of BAU (business-as-usual) emission quantities by local governing entities.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

Biomass burning is known to be one of the main sectors emitting greenhouse gases as well as air pollutants. Unfortunately, the inventory of biomass burning sector has not been established well. We estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution (AP) integrated emissions from biomass burning sector in Seoul during year 2010. The data of GHG and AP emissions from biomass burning, classified into open burning, residential fireplace and wood stove, meat cooking, fires, and cremation, were obtained from Statistics Korea and Seoul City. Estimation methodologies and emission factors were gathered from reports and published literatures. Estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions during year 2010 were $3,867tonCO_{2eq}$, and 2,320 tonAP, respectively. Major sources of GHG were forest fires ($1,533tonCO_{2eq}$) and waste open burning ($1,466tonCO_{2eq}$), while those of AP were meat cooking (1,240 tonAP) and fire incidence (907 tonAP). Total emissions by administrative district in Seoul, representing similar patterns in both GHG and AP, indicated that Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were the largest emitters whereas Jung-gu was the smallest emitter, ranged in $2{\sim}165tonCO_{2eq}$ and 0.1~8.31 tonAP. GHG emissions per $km^2$ showed different results from total emissions in that Gwanak-gu, Jungnang-gu, Gangdong-gu and Seodaemun-gu were the largest emitters, while Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were near-averaged emission districts, ranged in $0.2{\sim}21tonCO_{2eq}/km^2$. However, AP emissions per $km^2$ revealed relatively minor differences among districts, ranged in $2.3{\sim}6.1tonAP/km^2$.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.405-418
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• 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing argument attributing the primary cause of global climate change to livestock industry, which has led to the perception that the livestock industry is synonymous with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a closer examination of the global GHG emission by sector reveals that the energy sector is responsible for the majority, accounting for 76.2% of the total, while agriculture contributes 11.9%. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the total GHG emissions associate with the livestock supply chain amount to 14.5%. Within this, emissions from direct sources, such as enteric fermentation and livestock manure treatment, which are not part of the front and rear industries, represent only 7%. Although it is true that the increase in meat consumption driven by global population growth and rising incomes, has contributed to higher methane (CH₄) emissions resulting from enteric fermentation in ruminant animals, categorizing the livestock industry as the primary source of GHG emissions oversimplifies a complex issue and disregards objective data. Therefore, it may be a misleading to solely focus on the livestock sector without addressing the significant emissions from the energy sector, which is the largest contributor to GHG emissions. The top priority should be the objective and accurate measurement of GHG emissions, followed by the development and implementation of suitable reduction policies for each industrial sector with significant GHG emissions contributions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.867-876
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• 2013

To promote the carbon emission trading scheme and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission as following 'Korean GHG & Energy Target Management System', GHG emissions should be accurately determined in each industrial sector. For the estimation method of GHG emission from waste landfill, there are several error parameters, therefore we reviewed the estimation method and proposed a revised method. Methane generation from landfill must be calculated by the selected method based on methane recovery rate, 0.75. However, this methodology is not considered about uncertainty factor. So it is desirable that $CH_4$ generation is estimated using first order decay model and methane recovery should use field monitoring data. If not, $CH_4$ recovery could be applied from other study results; 0.60 of operational landfill with gas vent and flaring system, 0.65 of operational site with landfill gas recovery system, 0.90 of closed landfill with final cover. Other parameters such as degradable organic carbon (DOC) and fraction of DOC decompose ($DOC_f$) need to derive the default value from studies to reflect a Korean waste status. Proper application of MCF that is selected by operation and management of landfill requires more precise criteria.