• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the muscoulosckeletla pain from 214 dental hygienist during treatment process in Ulsan and Kyungnam. The data collection was done from March to May in 2009 with questionnaire. The study results were as follows. In the participant's age characteristic, under 23 years old(34.1%) was majority, other participant age group were 24~26 years old(33.6%), 25~29 years old(20.6%), and over 30 years old(11.7%). Other participant characteristic were unmarried participant(86.4%), none religion(43.5%), and graduation from college(88.3%). In the participant's business characteristic, working place were dental clinic(57.5%), and dental hospital(42.5%), career was 1~2 years(42.5%) and a number of change job was once(45.1%). Salary were 1,300,000~1,490,000 won (33.6%), 1,500,000~1,990,000 won(29.9%), under 1,300,000 won(26.2%), 2,000,000~2,490,000 won(7.5%). A number of dental hygienist was over 20 person(85.9%) and the average dental hygienist was 15.6 person. A number of dentist were one person(28.5%), 2 person(22.4%), 4 person(19.2%) and the average dentist was 3.2 person. Dental hygienist's working hour was 8~9(49.5%), a large part of dental hygienist was assistance of general treatment(70.1%). Other results were 5 days/week working(60.3%), and night shift(49.1%). In an effect of musculoskeletal pain during working, neck pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward 15 degree or head round", "non balanced shoulders", "bend waist", "bend wrist", and "sit astraddle on a chair". Shoulders pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward over 15 degree", "bend waist", and "stand up straightly". Knee pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "stand up straightly", and hip pain was influenced by "sit astraddle on chair".

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

The Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer, which is No. 193 National Treasure, was seriously damaged by a unique form of green glass pieces when excavated among a number of burial accessories of Hwangnamdaechong known to have been formed in the 5th century. While it has long been exhibited at the National Museum of Korea since its treatment for conservation treatment at conservation science laboratory in 1984, the existing adhesive materials seriously deteriorated for the 30 years, and the condition was quite unstable. The epoxy resin used as a restorative materials turned yellowing due to the light and heat so much that it was no longer able to exhibit it in a stable and effective manner. As a result, a re-treatment for conservation was conducted lately. This study focuses on the three pieces of Gold wires used to carefully wrap up the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer broken into three pieces, which has not been studied so far. As for the analysis method for Gold wires, SEM-EDS and Stereo Microscope were used for nondestructive analysis. First of all, the result of the SEM-EDS analysis shows that the composition was Au 91.9 wt.%-Au 92.8 w.t% and Ag 5.9 wt.%-Ag 6.5 wt.%, which indicates that it was an alloy made of Au and Ag. The production technique of Gold wires was also observed by means of optical microscopes. In general, Gold wires were manufactured by a drawing process in which a lump of gold was beaten or pulled out of a hole or by a process of twisting a gold plate. However, Gold wires separated from the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer did not involve any trace of twisting on the surface. Rather, fine vertical stripes were observed with the sections filled up. Hence, it is thought that this Ewer went through a drawing process and then was mended. As a result, no certain relation with the golden mending material used for the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer was verified. The findings above indicate that most of the existing researches on Gold wires recognized them, not as separate remains, but merely as a component of other golden remains. Thus, there has been little systematic study on the manufacturing techniques of Gold wires. The future study on Gold wires may verify the correlation between the Gold wires used to fix the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer, which is examined in this study, with that of golden remains in the Silla era.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1991

Kasugadaisha was built in the 9th century at Nara, Japan and it was the powerful Fujiwara's Shrine at that time. And also Wakamiyasai which has transmitted from generation to generation about for 1200 years at Kasugadaisha is typical sacrificial service of Nara Ages and it was built up with the historical background from Korean peninsula, especially Bekje. So it could be presumed to be important data to survey the sacrificial service in order to study on the ancient dietary culture of Korean and Japanese. 1) They used a live flower or paper flower in every sacrificial services. But in Korea, it has been used not only in the sacrificial services but also in happy events. And also it has been changed to use silk or developed rice cake instead of paper. 2) Steamed rice cake in Siru has been taken after boiled rice and unpolished rice. 3) Fried rice cake like doughnut was beginning of fried cake like Yak-kwa. 4) Four colors of red, yellow, green and white are symbolic at the high offering. There are a lot of cake, candy and some kind of biskuit four colors used in every events even now in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2003

The mechanism imparting salt tolerance to crop plants remains still unsolved, although soybean has been classified as a susceptible plant to NaCl. To determine optimum parameters on physiological responses for improving sensitivity of salinity in breeding program, soybean (Glycine max Merr., cv. "Gwan-gan") plants were grown in a greenhouse, treated 20 days after emergence for 7 days with NaCl at 0, 30, 60, and 90mM, corresponding to electric conductivity of 1.2, 4.4, 7.3, and 10.4 dS/m, respectively, and assessed 30 days after treatment. Chlorophyll contents were significantly decreased by NaCl ($0.4{\sim}1.0\;mg/g$) compared to control (1.2 mg/g). Photosynthesis rate by NaCl treatment at $0{\sim}90\;mM$ at flowering stage was ranged from 5.0 (control) to $9.6\;{\mu}mol/m^2/s$. Oxygen for respiration was consumed from 5.4 to $9.7\;{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ so that the ratio of $O_2$ (evolution:consumption) was increased with the increase of NaCl, indicating that $O_2$ consumption seems to go beyond $O_2$ evolution. Water potential of leaf at vegetative stage II was ranged from -0.6 to -1.8 MPa and the highest level was observed at mid-day. Water potential by salt stress was decreased with range of $-2.1{\sim}-2.7MPa$ compared to control. Transpiration was decreased from 17% to 20% by NaCl stress. Water vapor diffusing resistance of intercellular air space was affected significantly, increasing up to $16{\sim}24%$ compared to control by NaCl treatment. Salt-treated soybean tended to accumulate $Na^+$, specially in root, with reduced absorption of N, P, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ contents. Free proline content of soybean leaf as affected by different NaCl concentrations was increased 4.2 times ($184{\sim}434\;{\mu}g/g$) more than control. NaCl also increased activities of nitrate reductase and peroxidase by $28{\sim}161%$ and $3{\sim}22%$, respectively. The results show that physiological characteristics of soybean plants during assay were useful as the best parameters of salt stress or salt tolerance test to improve sensitivity in screening and breeding program among cultivars or germplasms.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Traffic management is becoming an important issue in turfgrass practise on golf course. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined impact of different traffic times and types of fertilization. Traffic treatment was applied in morning (AM), noon, and afternoon (PM). Fertilizers used include faster-release fertilizer (21-17-17) and slow-release fertilizers (12-6-18, 11-3-22, 20-3-20, 10-3-10). Experiment was conducted from Oct. 1 to Nov. 30, 2005 on a nursery putting green of Incheon Grand Golf Club. The growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis polustris cv. 'Seaside II') were evaluated on visual leaf color, leaf texture, shoot density, and root length. The measurement at 20 days after treatment, turfgrass color and leaf texture showed the best result on 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic plot. Turf quality and traffic tolerance were not different at Am and Pm traffic treatment. However, traffic stress in early morning and late evening caused the most severe damage to the turfgrass. Shoot density was the highest in 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic treatment but root length was not different among treatments after 30 day measurement. Among the fertilizers, slow release fertilizer resulted in higher turf quality and traffic tolerance than fast release fertilizer, however, shoot density did not showed a significantly different. For the fast recuperation of turfgrass from traffic injury in the early winter, it is recommended to avoid early morning and late evening traffic such as cup replacement and other maintenance practise. It is also recommended to delay the first tee-up time and ending early for last tee time during cold weather season.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2000

Knowledge for reflectance characteristic of interesting targets will provide us with actual application of remote sensing on agriculture. In this study, we have measured and analyzed reflectivity characteristics based on growing status from transplanting time to harvesting time. Rice paddies transplant into 3 fields at 20, May, 1999. Measurement of reflectivity characteristics were carried out with a portable spectroradiometer for frequencies from 300nm to 1100nm during the time period from 11:00 AM to 01:00 PM of clear sky and calm a day. The measurements for a day repeated 3 times(also, 3 times to each measurement)for reliable values. In result, we found that averaged reflectivity of visible range has about 2.34% - 2.55% in blue region(400nm-498nm), about 5.05% - 6.01% in green region(500nm-598nm) and about 4.21% - 5.24% in red region(600nm-698nm). It must be noted that the more rice canopy grows, the more spectral reflectivity decreases in visible region. Also, we separated infrared region into two cases - One case is increasing region with 700nm-780nm, the other is fixed region with 800nm-1100nm. Averaged reflectivity of these regions has about 22.3% - 23.0% in increasing region, about 29.4% - 33.1% in fixed region. It must be noted that more rice canopy grows, the more spectral reflectivity also increases up to 23, Aug. in infrared region. After 23, Aug, the reflectivity has a tendency toward decrease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

When haploid plant would be appeared by the anther culture, the large quantity of young plant multiplied maternal inheritance and the same pure line rapidly in the short length of time, which will be effected to cut down much expences efforts and time for the production of seeds or seedlings. Therefore, the development of the technique for this would be much profited in the country industry. In the late of a few years studies were early attempted in this field, but up this time there were a few success of plants only and none of perennial plant. In this status of the country condition required earnestly for the development of the green industry, this researcher attempted to culture the anther of late uninucleate microspore or early binucleate microspore of the Prunus mume and other three psecies, economic trees estimated specially economic, on the place of Modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supliment with Kinetine, 2.4-D, and N.A.A for inducing haploid plants. The obtained results were as follows: 1. 2,000 anthers were cultured and there were shown that 2N callus in Prunus mume had 82 as 4.1%, 2N callus in Prunus tomentosa 15 as 0.8%, 2 N callus in Prunus salisina 75 as 4% 2. N callus had shown 40 as 2% from Prunus armeniaca var. ansu only, and the other trees showed all 2N callus. 3. Callus had appeared in every tree but 2N callus appeared was all filaments and there showed from only connective tissue N callus appeared was all from anther locule inside. 4. Then Prunus armeniaca var. ansu only was not callus of somatic anther tissue origin, but as there was callus origined from microspore which was changed in to swollen microspores or polynucleate microspores, it was certained to need haploid plant.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2012

Soybean, C.V. Daewonkong, was planted on 25 May and 25 June in 2011, and four temperature gradient, control (ambient temperature in field plot), control + $3^{\circ}C$, control + $4^{\circ}C$, and control + $5^{\circ}C$, were artificially created by controlling the green house system. The obtained results indicated that vegetative growth of soybean plant was beneficially facilitated by planting on May (PM) than planting on June (PJ). The 100-seed weight was significantly higher in PM, and positively affected by increasing temperature, whereas the weight was reduced in control + $5^{\circ}C$ plot. Isoflavone content and fatty acid composition were analyzed to determine the effects of plating date and growth temperature. Isoflavone content was higher in PJ plot ($1479.8{\mu}g/g$) than in PM plot ($1201.8{\mu}g/g$), however, the influence of growth temperature varied with planting date. The composition of oleic acid was positively affected by increasing temperature, whereas the proportions of linoleic and linolenic acid were reduced. The numbers of node was considered as a major variable in the regression equations estimated using forward stepwise regression analysis for isoflavone content and unsaturated fatty acid under different environmental conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2002

For many rears, traffic accident statistics are the most direct measure of safety for a signalized intersection. However it takes more than 2 or 3 yearn to collect certain accident data for adequate sample sizes. And the accident data itself is unreliable because of the difference between accident data recorded and accident that is actually occurred. Therefore, it is rather difficult to evaluate safety for a intersection by using accident data. For these reasons, traffic conflict technique(TCT) was developed as a buick and accurate counter-measure of safety for a intersection. However, the collected conflict data is not always reliable because there is absence of clear criteria for conflict. This study developed objective and accurate conflict criteria, which is shown below based on traffic engineering theory. Frist, the rear-end conflict is regarded, when the following vehicle takes evasive maneuver against the first vehicle within a certain distance, according to car-following theory. Second, lane-change conflict is regarded when the following vehicle takes evasive maneuver against first vehicle which is changing its lane within the minimum stopping distance of the following vehicle. Third, cross and opposing-left turn conflicts are regarded when the vehicle which receives green sign takes evasive maneuver against the vehicle which lost its right-of-way crossing a intersection. As a result of correlation analysis between conflict and accident, it is verified that the suggested conflict criteria in this study ave applicable. And it is proven that estimating safety evaluation for a intersection with conflict data is possible, according to the regression analysis preformed between accident and conflict, EPDO accident and conflict. Adopting the conflict criteria suggested in this study would be both quick and accurate method for diagnosing safety and operational deficiencies and for evaluation improvements at intersections. Further research is required to refine the suggested conflict criteria to extend its application. In addition, it is necessary to develope other types of conflict criteria, not included in this study, in later study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.34-44
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in perceptions between gardens and park functions as recognized by two groups, Group A and Group B, in order to confirm the distinction between concepts and functions and then establish the importance of individual functions. The AHP was used to analyze the importance of each group's perceptions by dividing them into garden and park, Group A and non-Group A, respectively. In Group A, the importance of garden functions were considered in descending order of importance to be cultural function, ecological function, and social function. In the general group, ecological function, cultural function, and social function also appeared, but in a different order of importance. As for the park functions, Group A recognized the importance of functions in a similar order of importance to the gardens: cultural function, ecological function, and social function. Group B thought that social function, ecological function, and cultural function have the same significance. At the major classification level, Group A and Group B emphasized the social function of the parks. Group A recognized the importance of the garden's cultural function as the most important, whereas the general group emphasized the importance of the garden's ecological function. As for the mid-class level, Group A recognized the aesthetic beauty, health, ecological environment protection, and water circulation as important functions of the garden. For Group B, the ecological environment protection, aesthetic beauty, water cycle, and health were important. The concepts and functions of gardens and parks are still largely mixed but are gradually becoming differentiated. As a follow-up study, it is important to systematically manage the functions of gardens by establishing design, construction, and monitoring DB techniques for the garden type and examine the hierarchy of various other gardens.