• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.284-290
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• 2007

Effects of green tea seed oil intake on the serum cholesterol, the thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) formation of liver and inflammatory markers of plasma and macrophage in cholesterol fed mice were investigated, comparing to the intakes of corn oil and olive oil. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups and fed the experimental diets: supplemented corn oil, green tea seed oil and olive oil to cholesterol diet, respectively, at the level of 10% for 9 weeks. The increased levels of serum cholesterol of green tea seed oil group were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of corn oil group until 6 weeks. The TBARS formation in liver of green tea seed oil and olive oil groups were significantly (p<0.05) reduced than those of corn oil group. The contents of inflammatory markers ($LTB4,\;TNF-{\alpha},\;PGE2,\;NO$) in plasma and macrophage did not show significant differences among the experimental groups. These results showed that green tea seed oil could exert the activity of decreasing serum cholesterol and the antioxidative activity in cholesterol fed mice liver. Therefore, we suggest that green tea seed oil might be developed as a high quality edible oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1470-1475
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the whitening effect of green tea seed shell as an industrial byproduct. Green tea seed shell extract (GTSE) was obtained by ethanol extraction, and the yield was 1.24%. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of GTSE increased dose-dependently. To estimate inhibition of melanin synthesis, viability was tested in B16BL6 melanoma cells. GTSE treatment induced cytotoxicity at a concentration higher than $125{\mu}g/mL$ but did not induce cytoxicity lower than $62.5{\mu}g/mL$. Thus, we fixed the optimal concentration at $62.5{\mu}g/mL$. Using this optimal concentration, melanin synthesis inhibition was measured, and GTSE treatment significantly reduced melanin synthesis induced by ${\alpha}$-melanin stimulating hormone. Therefore, the results indicate that green tea seed shell extracts may have potential melanin synthesis inhibitory activity and may be useful for development of whitening material as a natural ingredient.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.672-676
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities of various concentrations of partially purified substance(s) from green tea seed (Camellia sinensis L.). The total polyphenol contents of each fraction (non-adsorption fraction: F-1, fraction eluted with 40% methanol: F-2, and fraction eluted with 100% methanol: F-3) purified by Diaion HP-20 column chromatography were, in the increasing order: F-1 (3.7 mg tannic acid equivalents, TAB/g) < F-3 (23.2 mg TAB/g) < seed extracts (26.2 mg TAB/g) < F-2 (42.7 mg TAB/g). The scavenging activities toward the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were, in decreasing order: F-2 (93.3%) > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 89.8%) > ascorbic acid (89.3%) > leaf extracts (70.3%) > F-3 (15.9%) > seed extracts (15.8%) > F-1 (14.8%) at a 0.1% concentration. In studies on antimicrobial activities, the results indicate that the growth of yeast (Candida albicans KCCM 11282 and Cryptococcus neoformans KCCM 50544) was inhibited more so than that of other fungi (Alternaria alternate KCTC 6005 and Rhizoctonia solani). In addition, it appears that the antitumor activities of the F-1, F-2, and F-3 fractions at a concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/mL$ showed 6, 7, and 23% growth inhibition of the HEC-1B cell line, 14, 11, 82% inhibition of the HEP-2 cell line, and 8, 16, and 81% inhibition of the SK-OV-3 cell line, respectively. Overall these results indicate that the antioxidant activity is greatest in the F-2 fraction, and the antimicrobial and antitumor activities are greatest in the F-3 fraction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2016

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) seed extract (GTSE) was prepared under various pretreatment conditions and used to investigate its extraction yield and anti-yeast activity. Anti-yeast activity of GTSE from seeds with or without the coats was the same, whereas the extraction yield was slightly higher in extract from seeds without the coat. Anti-yeast activity of GTSE from seeds with different water contents or particle sizes was the same, whereas the extraction yield was highest in extract from seeds with 7.3% moisture or a smaller particle size. Anti-yeast activity of defatted green tea seed extract (DGTSE) was the same as that of GTSE. Extraction yield was higher in DGTSE from defatted seeds by the oil press machine compared to hexane extraction. Defatted green tea seed (DGTS), a by-product from the oil extraction process, is a good natural source of anti-yeast preservative. The extraction yield and anti-yeast activity of DGTSE were investigated using various extraction solvents, temperatures, and times. The results show that water was an economic extraction solvent, and anti-yeast activity of DGTSE was unstable at $90^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that water, extraction temperature of $50^{\circ}C$, and extraction time of 4 h were the most efficient for extraction of anti-yeast compounds from DGTS.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the biological activities of green tea seed methanol extract (GTSME) and compared those of green tea methanol extract (GTME) for using green tea seed as the functional food material. The hydrogen-donating activity of GTSME was over 50% at the $100 {\mu}g/mL$ concentration the activity of GTME was 21.86% at the $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration compared with that of control. The MDA (malondialdehyde) production was 60 Mol/g and 50 Mol/g in the mouse liver homogenate teated with GTME and GTSME of $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentrations, respectively, and the values were lower than 86 Mol/g of control. GTME and GTSME of $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration inhibited the proliferation of over 50% and over 20% in A549 and SW480 human cancer cells, respectively. The morphology transformation was shown in the cancer cells treated with GTSME of $500{\mu}g/mL$ with the decrease of cell numbers lower than that of control cells numbers. The NO production was increased in a dose dependent manner in the RAW264.7 macrophage cells treated with GTME and GTSME of 1, 10, 100 and $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentrations, and the NO production by GTSME was $2.04{\mu}M$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, and the value was higher than $0.77{\mu}M$ by GTME.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1178-1186
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• 2015

Lipid oxidation, colour stability and physico-chemical quality of pork frankfurters with the incorporation of 0.30% sea buckthorn (SBT), 0.10% grape seed (GSE), 0.03% green tea (GTE), 0.12% fenugreek seed (FSE) and 0.10% Acacia catechu (ACE) were studied during 20 days of refrigerated aerobic storage. The SBT and ACE were identified as being the most effective antioxidants to retard lipid oxidation with the potency decreasing in the following order: SBT>ACE>GSE>GTE>FSE based on thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, peroxide value and free fatty acids. In all samples pH and $a_w$ decreased during storage period. The $L^*$ value of treated as well as control samples decreased over time while SBT and ACE exhibited an increased redness producing higher $a^*$ values than other treatments. However, GTE was more effective in increasing $b^*$ values than other treatments at the end of storage. The results suggest that functional plant-derived extracts can be valuable to the modification of frankfurter formulations for improved oxidative stability as well as quality characteristics.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation on skin can induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation. Thus, chronic exposure of skin to UVB irradiation leads to histological changes consistent with aging, such as wrinkling, abnormal pigmentation, and loss of elasticity. We investigated the protective effect of the standardized green tea seed extract (GSE) on UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Skin photoaging was induced by UVB irradiation on the back of Skh-1 hairless mice three times per week and UVB irradiation was performed for 10 weeks. Mice were divided into six groups; normal control, UVB irradiated control group, positive control (UVB + dietary supplement of vitamin C 100 mg/kg), GSE 10 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 10 mg/kg), GSE 100 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 100 mg/kg), and GSE 200 mg/kg (UVB + dietary supplement of GSE 200 mg/kg). RESULTS: The dietary supplement GSE attenuated UVB irradiation-induced wrinkle formation and the decrease in density of dermal collagen fiber. In addition, results of the antioxidant analysis showed that GSE induced a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity compared with the UVB irradiation control group. Dietary supplementation with GSE 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and an increase in expression of TIMP and type-1 collagen. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study suggest that dietary supplement GSE could be useful in attenuation of UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging and wrinkle formation due to regulation of antioxidant defense systems and MMPs expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.788-794
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• 2010

Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) seed oils were prepared by roasting at $213^{\circ}C$ and pressing (RP), pressing (P), and nhexane extraction (H). The physico-chemical properties of the RP, P, and H samples, including fatty acid composition, color, and sensory characteristics were analyzed. RP, P and H samples were thermally oxidized at $180^{\circ}C$, and oxidative stability was determined by DPPH, CDA, and p-AV at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min. Compared to the P and H samples, RP resulted in significantly higher thermal oxidative stability according to the DPPH, CDA, and p-AV results (p<0.05). The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids among RP, P, and H samples were significantly different (p<0.05). The oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in green tea seed oils were 58 and 23%, respectively. Hunter's color value of lightness (L) for the RP, P, and H samples was not significant. Redness (a) of RP was $3.47{\pm}0.119$ and yellowness (b) of H was $60.10{\pm}2.483$, which were significantly different. Compared to RP samples, H and P samples had the highest color and off-odor values in the sensory evaluation. RP samples showed the highest taste value and were significant overall (p<0.05). The thermal stability of RP extraction was more stable than any other method. Camellia sinensis L. seed oil extracted by RP had better sensory characteristics than other edible oils, including soybean oil, grape seed oil, and extra virgin olive oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2017

Water and 75% ethanol extracts were prepared from defatted green tea seeds and evaluated for their anti-yeast activities. The antimicrobial activities of defatted green tea seed extracts (DGTSEs) were tested against food-spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and molds. DGTSEs exhibited antimicrobial activities with minimum inhibitory concentrations of $39{\sim}1,250{\mu}g/mL$ against three bacteria, two molds, and all tested yeast strains. Ethanol extract showed higher antimicrobial activity than water extract. The stability of anti-yeast activities of DGTSEs was examined under different conditions of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentrations. The anti-yeast activities of DGTSEs were stable at pH 3~9, 0~20% NaCl, and $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. However, anti-yeast activities of DGTSEs decreased upon heating at $70^{\circ}C$ for 24 h or $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. DGTSEs were applied to food models to determine their inhibitory effects on yeast film formation. Water and 75% ethanol extracts were effective in preventing yeast film formation at concentrations more than 156 and $39{\mu}g/mL$ in soy sauce, 156 and $78{\mu}g/mL$ in pickle sauce, and 78 and $39{\mu}g/mL$ in kimchi, respectively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.396-401
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of suspension cultures of tea callus cells grown in the presence of different concentrations of the growth regulator 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) with or without light irradiation. The methanol and ethanol extracts of precipitated cells (MEP, EEP) exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on the growth of tumor cell lines than the water extract of precipitated cells (WEP) or the supernatant Compared to culture under dark conditions, exposure to light irradiation led to significantly higher antitumor activity. The MEP from light irradiated cells at $250{\mu}g/mL$ with 2.0mg/L 2,4-D displayed more than 64% growth inhibition of HEP-2 cells, whereas normal cells showed less than 25% growth inhibition. The some fractions of MEP obtained from Diaion HP-20 column chromatography displayed the majority of inhibitory activity against the HEP-2 cell line. These results show that 2,4-D, and light stimulated the synthesis of antitumor compounds.