• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2003

Temperature lowering effects varied by the arrangement and types of vegetation The effects of the arrangement and types of vegetation on lowering temperature have shown following results. 1) The temperature range of a vegetation shows that a higher temperature was recorded near urban towns while lower temperature was observed around the vegetation area and small streams. 2) The relationship between the arrangement of a vegetation and the temperature indicates that the lower temperature area matches with each vegetation area. Streets between vegetations and the lower end of the wind area have also lower temperature. 3) The relationship between inter-vegetationstreets and the temperature indicates that the lower temperature area has been observed not only at the streets of the lower end of the wind but at the streets in-between streets as well. Even when there's no vegetation area from which the wind blows, inter-vegetation streets showed the lower temperature. 4) With land coverage ratio and the temperature, the increase of planted areas, grass areas, and water level have positive effects on lowering the temperature while bare areas increase it. 5) From arbor to sub-arbor, the increase of trees has a significant effect on lowering the temperature of nearby area.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.22-34
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate landscape characteristics of watersheds in the Nakdong River Basin for identifying the groups of watershed with similar landcover patterns by using Geographic Information System and statistical technique. According to the results based on the cluster analysis using cluster analysis tool in the ArcGIS 8.3 program, 22 sub-watersheds were classified into three types; "Forest watershed", "Agriculture watershed", and "Urban watershed". In the forest watershed that has the least potential of ecological disturbances by human, a forest management approach based on geographic conditions and coverage types, etc., should be developed to sustain the ecological and environmental functions of forest. For the agriculture watershed, environmental-friendly agricultural techniques should be performed in the particular enhancement of riparian buffer zone to the prevent direct inflow of soils, fertilizers, and other chemicals into the stream network. Finally, in the urban watershed, an environmental-friendly plan that may increase the ratio of pervious surface and amount of green-space to should be reserved.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

To improve the $NO_X$ conversion over a SCR (selective catalytic reduction) catalyst, the DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) is usually placed upstream of the SCR catalyst to enhance the fast SCR reaction ($4NH_3+2NO+2NO_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$) using equimolar amounts of NO and $NO_2$. Here, a ratio of $NO_2/NO_X$ above 50% should be avoided, because the reaction with $NO_2$ only ($4NH_3+4NO+O_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$) is slower than the standard SCR reaction ($4NH_3+4NO+O_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$). In order to accurately predict the performance characteristics of SCR catalysts, it is therefore desired to develop a more simple and reliable mathematical and kinetic models on the oxidation kinetics of nitric oxide over a DOC. In the present work, the prediction accuracy and limit of three different chemical reaction kinetics models are presented to describe the chemicophysical characteristics and conversion performance of DOCs. Steady-state experiments with DOCs mounted on a light-duty four-cylinder 2.0-L turbocharged diesel engine then are performed, using an engine-dynamometer system to calibrate the kinetic parameters such as activation energies and preexponential factors of heterogeneous reactions. The reaction kinetics for NO oxidation over Pt-based catalysts is determined in conjunction with a transient one-dimensional (1D) heterogeneous plug flow reactor (PFR) model with diesel exhaust gas temperatures in the range of 115~$525^{\circ}C$ and space velocities in the range of $(0.4{\sim}6.5){\times}10^5\;h^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

This study was accomplished by analyzing the change of land cover pattern in high-rise buildings in Korea. For this study, we selected 15 locations of high-rise buildings. The ratio of average building coverage and paved area was 79.7%, and both green and water area were low, relatively. The biotope area factor of the site showed low percentage by 15.90% due to the underground space development. As a result of correlation analysis between the time of construction and land-cover type, building coverage has been decreased according to the stream of time. However, biotope area factor has been increased And, the paved area has m correlation. It was identified that reducing paved area is effective to enhance the ecological functions of a high-rise building outdoor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.6-17
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• 2015

In this paper, colors of broadcast lightings composed of Red, Green, and Blue LED(Light Emitted Diode) can be linearly and quantitatively controlled in low illuminance. Because LED cannot emit uniform illuminance in low illuminance, the colors of RGB LED are unmixable. Furthermore, the illuminances are nonlinear with the dimming values of the RGB LED due to the nonlinearity of the output illuminance with the current through the LED. This nonlinearity generated errors of the target colors and illuminances. The proposed algorithm set up the target colors, which is expressed by the color coordinates in CIE 1931 color space, and the target illuminances. Then the illuminances of RGB LED were calculated using color mixing theory. The calculated illuminances determined the dimming values of the RGB LED for transmission via DMX512 communication. After the broadcasting lighting received the dimming values of the RGB LED via DMX512 communication,.RGB LED can emit target color and illuminance, and be controlled by calculating the PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) duty ratio of the hybrid LED driver which be considered the nonlinearity for the illuminances of the LED. As a result, the proposed algorithm can linearly and quantitatively control the colors and illuminances in full range of illuminance. Then we verify experimentally that the errors of the emitted color coordination x, y and illuminance are 2.27%, 3.6% and 1.5%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Mapping radiation heat flux of urban area is essential for urban design and landscape planning. Because controlling urban geometry and generating green space are important urban design strategies for reducing urban heat, urban planner and designer need to recognize the micro urban heat distribution for adequate urban planning. This study suggests a new methodology for mapping urban radiation heat flux in a micro scale considering buildings and trees' shade. For doing that, firstly, we calculate net radiation for each urban surfaces (building, road (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), ground (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), tree (not shaded, building shaded)). Then, by multiplying the area ratio of surfaces to the net radiation, we can obtain the radiation heat flux in micro-scale. The estimated net radiation results were found to be robust with a $R^2$ of 90%, which indicates a strong explanatory power of the model. The radiation heat flux map for 12h $17^{th}$ August explains that areas under the building and tree have lower net radiation heat flux, indicating that shading is a good strategy for reducing incident radiation. This method can be used for developing thermal friendly urban plan.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.93-108
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• 2019

This study examines the relationship between three-dimensional urban built environment and urban surface temperature using LANDSAT 8 satellite image data in Seoul city. The image was divided into 600m×600m grid units as an unit of analysis. Due to the high level of spatial dependency in surface temperature, this study uses spatial statistics to take into account spatial auto-correlation. The spatial error model shows the best goodness of fit. The analysis results show that the three-dimensional built environment and transport environment as well as natural environment have statistically significant associations with surface temperature. First, natural environment variables such as green space, streams and river, and average elevation show statistically significant negative association with surface temperature. Second, the building area shows a positive association with surface temperature. In addition, while sky view factor (SVF) has a positive association with surface temperature, surface roughness (SR) shows a negative association with it. Third, transportation related variables such as road density, railway density, and traffic volume show positive associations with surface temperature. Moreover, this study finds that SVF and SR have different effects on surface temperature in regard to the levels of total floor areas in built environment. The results indicate that interactions between floor area ratio (FAR) and three-dimensional built environmental variables such as SVF and SR should be considered to reduce urban surface temperature.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.225-238
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• 2020

The agricultural landscape is considered an important space to provide service functions, but the reality is that environmental and ecological problems are being reported in the creation of a facility horticulture complex. Therefore, this study was conducted to contribute to sustainable agriculture by creating a more eco-friendly facility horticultural complex. The elements of planning for eco-friendly development of the facility horticultural complex were derived from literature and expert surveys. The master plan and the bird's-eye view were then applied to the Saemangeum area by applying the planning elements. After analyzing the method of selecting and deploying input elements for improving functions, it was suggested that low-flow areas, wetlands, artificial storage facilities, green spaces, and waterways should be placed in harmony with the landscape and that the building-to-land ratio should be applied at 55%. The final design was prepared by applying the ecological service function improvement plan proposed by experts. The final bird's-eye view also reflected water purification facilities, connection of wetlands to waterways, packing of pitchers, and connection of green areas. The results of the research are expected to be used as basic data for policy and budget allocation for the eco-friendly creation of horticulture facilities and contribute to sustainable agriculture by contributing to national biodiversity and environmental preservation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the influence of anions in the air on the purification of fine dust (PM10 and PM2.5) and to evaluate the effects of plants on the generation of anions in the air and the purification of fine dust. Subsequently, the fine dust reduction models were compared according to each factor and plant volume. The characteristics of anion generation by each factor were observed to be in the order of Type N.I (negative ion generator; 204,133.33 ea/cm³) > Type P₃₀ (plant vol. 30%; 362.55 ea/cm³) > Type C (control; 46.22 ea/cm³), indicating that the amount of anion generation in the anion generator treatment group and the plant arrangement group were approximately 4,417 times and 7 times higher, respectively, than that in the untreated group. Consequently, the fine dust reduction characteristics by anion generation source showed that for PM10, Type NI had a purification efficiency 2.52 times higher than Type C, and Type P₃₀ was 1.46 times higher, while for PM2.5, Type NI had a purification efficiency 2.26 times higher than Type C, and Type P₃₀ was 1.31 times higher. The efficiency of fine dust purification by plant volume was in the order of Type P₂₀ (84.60 minutes) > Type P₃₀ (106.50 minutes) = Type P₂₅ (115.50 minutes) = Type P₁₅ (117.60 minutes) > Type P₅ (125.25 minutes) = Type P₁₀ (129.75 minutes), and for ultrafine dust, Type P₂₀ (104.00 minutes) > Type P₃₀ (133.20 minutes) = Type P₂₅ (144.00 minutes) = Type P₁₅ (147.60 minutes) > Type P₅ (161.25 minutes) = Type P₁₀ (168.00 minutes). Thus, a quantitative analysis of the anions and plants for purifying fine dust and suggested matters to be considered for future green space planning and plant planting considering fine dust purification.