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Development of Analysis Method of Caffeine and Content Survey in Commercial Foods by HPLC (HPLC를 이용한 카페인의 분석법 개발 및 시판 식품중 함유량 조사)

  • Kim, Hee-Yun;Lee, Young-Ja;Hong, Ki-Hyoung;Lee, Chul-Won;Kim, Kil-Saeng;Ha, Sang-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.1471-1476
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    • 1999
  • A simple and practical method for determination of caffeine in foods was developed. The analysis of caffeine was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using a ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column at isocratic condition with methanol-acetic acid-water(20 : 1 : 79) on UV detector at 280 nm. The clean-up and extraction of caffeine in samples were based on a simple pretreatment using a Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge. Recovery rates obtained with this method for cider, candy, cookie, milk, ice cream and persimmon leaf tea were 99.23%, 99.50%, 99.17%, 99.37%, 98.93% and 99.10% respectively. And the detection limit of caffeine was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. With this method, the range of caffeine contents extracted from coffee, green tea, black tea, Oolong tea(tea bag), soft drinks, ice cream, milk and commercial confectionery were $3.38{\sim}37.50\;mg/g,\;16.30{\sim}26.10\;mg/g,\;10.80{\sim}16.65\;mg/g,\;11.25\;mg/g,\;0.06{\sim}0.11\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.44\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.39\;mg/g\;and\;0.10{\sim}1.80\;mg/g$, respectively. But caffeine was not detected in the other tea such as Acanthopanax sessiliflorum tea, Angelica gigas tea, Angelica tea, Arrow root tea, Duchu'ng tea, Dunggulle tea, Ganoerma lucidum tea, Ginger tea powder, Persimmon leaf tea, Ssanghwa tea and Cocoa mix powder.

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'Joseong', a New Early-Heading Forage Triticale Cultivar for Paddy Field of Double Cropping (이모작 재배에 적합한 조숙성 조사료용 트리티케일 신품종 '조성')

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Tae-Il;Park, Hyung-Ho;Song, Tae-Hwa;Ju, Jung-Il;Jeung, Jae-Hyun;Kang, Sung-Joo;Kim, Dae-Ho;Choi, Hong-Jib;Park, Nam-Geon;Kim, Kee-Jong;Hwang, Jong-Jin;Baek, Seong-Beum;Kwon, Young-Up
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.193-202
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    • 2012
  • 'Joseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2010. The cultivar 'Joseong' was selected from the cross FAHAD_5/RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D'5B'//FAHAD_5 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1992. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection program at Mexico from 1993 to 1998, and a line 'CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y-0B' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield test in Korea for 2 years, the line designated as a line name of 'Iksan26'. The 'Iksan26' was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in 7 different locations such as Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Naju, Daegu, and Jinju from 2008 to 2010 and finally named as 'Joseong'. The cultivar 'Joseong' has characteristics of dark green leaf, yellow culm and spike, and large grain of yellowish brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Joseong' was April 24, which was 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. It showed better tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust than those of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Joseong' at milk-ripe stage was 14.5 MT $ha^{-1}$, which was lower than 16.5 MT $ha^{-1}$ of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Joseong' (5.3%) was lower to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (6.0%) in crude protein content, while was 2.1% superior to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (61.9%) in TDN (total digestible nutrients). It showed 5.1 MT $ha^{-1}$ of grain yield, which was 40% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (3.65 MT $ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing crop in the area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-10^{\circ}C$ in January, and as a winter crop using whole crop forage before planting rice in around Korea.

Charaterization of Biomass Production and Wastewater Treatability by High-Lipid Algal Species under Municial Wastewater Condition (실제 하수조건에서 고지질 함량 조류자원의 생체생성과 하수처리 특성 분석)

  • Lee, Jang-Ho;Park, Joon-Hong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.333-340
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    • 2010
  • Wastewater treatment using algal communities and biodiesel production from wastewater-cultivated algal biomass is a promising green growth technology. In literature, there are many studies providing information on algal species producing high content of lipid. However, very little is known about adaptability and wastewater treatability of such high-lipid algal species. In this study, we attempted to characterize algal biomass production and wastewater treatability of high-lipid algal species under municipal wastewater condition. For this, four known high-lipid algal strains including Chlorella vulgaris AG 10032, Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG 278-2, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Botryococcus braunii UTEX 572 were individually inoculated into municipal wastewater where its indigenuous algal populations were removed prior to the inoculation, and the algae-inoculated wastewater was incubated in the presence of light source (80${\mu}E$) for 9 days in laboratory batch reactors. During the incubations, algal biomass production (dry weight) and the removals of dissolved organics (COD), nitrogen and phosphorous were measured in laboratory batch reactors. According to algal growth results, C. vulgaris, A. gracilis and S. quadricauda exhibited faster growth than indigenuous wastewater algal populations while B. braunii did not. The wastewater-growing strains exhibited efficient removals of total-N, ${NH_4}^+$-N, Total-P and ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P which satisfy the Korea water quality standards for effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. A. gracilis and S. quadricauda exhibited efficient and stable treatability of COD but C. vulgaris showed unstable treatability. Taken together with the results, A. gracilis and S. quadricauda were found to be suitable species for biomass production and wastewater treatment under municipal wastewater condition.

A Study of the Gwanbok (1st period) of Meritorious Vassals' Portraits in the Joseon Dynasty (조선시대 공신초상(功臣肖像)의 관복(제1기) 고찰)

  • Kim, Migyung;Lee, Eunjoo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.53 no.2
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    • pp.180-203
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    • 2020
  • In this study, the period before the Gwanbok of meritorious vassals' portraits was expressed in the acheongsaek-Heuk-Danryung was defined as the first period, and the costumes worn in portraits of meritorious vassals from Gaeguk (1392) in the early Joseon Dynasty to Jwali (1471) during the era of King Seongjong were reviewed. The portraits(1476) of Jeokgae meritorious vassals (1467) depicted as the Gwanbok of acheongsaek Heuk-Danryung were excluded. Among the copies that are currently considered to be portraits of meritorious vassals belonging to the first period, the portraits of Lee-je, Lee Cheon-woo, Ma Cheon-mok, Shin Suk-ju, Seol Gye-jo, and Lee Sung-won were selected, and the formative characteristics of Gwanbok components were examined. The Samo of Sam-Gongsin in the early Joseon Dynasty had a low height, a rounded end, and the side wings were narrow and short. However, since King Danjong, Jeongnan·Jwali meritorious vassals retained a higher form, and the side wings were twice as long. It was also confirmed that the pattern was not expressed in the side wings. The Danryung was expressed in light-colored Danryung without specific colors at the beginning of the country. After King Sejong, the Heuk-Danryung system for Yebok began, but it was not reflected in the Gwanbok of meritorious vassals' portraits, and was expressed as damhongsaek-Danryung after King Danjong. The pattern was not expressed on the exterior of the Danryung, and inner-wrinkled Mu was expressed on the side line. The Dapho and Cheolrik, the undergarments of the Danryung, were also confirmed as being blue (the Dapho) and green (the Cheolrik) after the Jeongnan meritorious vassals. The early Sam-Gongsin's Pumgye was expressed by rank belt, but as the system of rank badge was established after King Danjong, it began to express the Pumgye by rank badge and rank belt. Among the portraits of meritorious vassals, the rank badge was expressed only in the portrait of Sin Suk-ju, a Jeongnan meritorious vassal. As Hwaja worn on the Danryung, Heuk-hwa were confirmed in the Sam-Gongsin portraits of the early Joseon Dynasty. However, in the portraits of Jeongnan and Jwali meritorious vassals after King Danjong, the Baek-hwa was confirmed. In addition, in the seam parts of the Heuk-hwa and Baek-hwa identified in some portraits of meritorious vassals, Hwi decorated with yeongeumsa were identified, and it was found that the Hwaja decorated with Hwi were the Hyeopgeum-hwa worn by the 3rd rank and above.

Development of Carbonization Technology and Application of Unutilized Wood Wastes(II) - Carbonization and it's properties of wood-based materials - (미이용 목질폐잔재의 탄화 이용개발(II) - 수종의 목질재료 탄화와 탄화물의 특성 -)

  • Kong, Seog-Woo;Kim, Byung-Ro
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.57-65
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    • 2000
  • Objective of research is obtain fundamental data of carbonized wood wastes for soil condition, de-ordorization, absorption of water, carrier for microbial activity, and purifying agent for water quality of river. The carbonization technique and the properties of carbonized wood wastes(wood-based materials) were analyzed. Proximate analysis showed the wood-based materials contains 0.37~2.27% ash, 70~74% volatile matter, and 17~20% fixed carbon. As carbonization temperature was increased, the charcoal yield was decreased. However, no difference in charcoal yield was found due to time increase. The specific gravity after the carbonization decreased about 30~40% comparing to green wood. The charcoal had 1.08~4.18% ash, 5.88~13.79% volatile matter, and 80.15~90.94% fixed carbon. The pH of plywood and particleboard(pH 9 at $400^{\circ}C$, pH 10 at $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$) made charcoals was higher than that of fiberboard. The water-retention capacity was not affected by the carbonization temperature and time. The water-retention capacity within 24h was about 2~2.5 times of sample weight, and the Equilibrium moisture content(EMC) became 2~10% after 24h. EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees were 9.40~11.82%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 90%), 6.87~7.61%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 65%), and 1.69~2.81%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 25%). EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials under $20^{\circ}C$, relative humidity(RH) 90% was similar to EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees(9~11 %). However, under $20^{\circ}C$, RH 25.65%, EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials were higher(2~3%) than EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees. Every charcoal from the wood-based materials fulfilled the criteria in JWWA K 113-1947.

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Changes of Soil-Emission Gases and Microbial Diversity by Different Fertilizers Supplemented after Application of Livestock-Manure Compost in Greenhouse Soil (시설재배지(施設栽培地)에서 축분퇴비(畜糞堆肥) 시용시(施用時) 보충비종(補充費種)에 따른 토양배출(土壤排出)가스 및 미생물다양성(微生物多樣性)의 변화(變化))

  • Kang, Hang-Won;Ko, Jee-Yeon;Park, Hyang-Mee;Lee, Jae-Saeng;Rang, Ui-Gum;Park, Kyeong-Bae
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.52-60
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to gain basic data for alleviation of gas emission and conservation of healthy soil environment by investigating an aspect of gas emission and microbial diversity due to the supplement of different fertilizers after application with a livestock manure compost in greenhouse soils. Green pepper was cultivated in clay loamy soil from April to August. Before planting, a livestock manure compost was applied with $741mg\;ha^{-1}$ on the basis of the phosphate content contained in compost. And then, deficient nitrogen for cropping was supplemented with either quick-acting fertilizer of urea or a controlled slow release fertilizer made from urea formaldehyde(U/F). $NH_3$ and R $NH_2$ gases emitted from soil showed a low concentration in the early stage but a maximum in 27 days after planting, then decreased rapidly and not detected after 33 days. Their average concentrations were 42% and 85% lower in the treatment of slow release fertilizer than that of urea fertilizer, respectively. $CO_2$ gas emitted under urea fertilization was ranged from 1,200 to $3,200mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and that in slow release fertilizer was $900{\sim}2,650mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$. The average concentration of urea treatment was $2,260mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and 30% higher than that of slow release fertilizer. The treatment of slow release fertilizer with the lapse of cropping time populated larger in numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, nitrate bacteria and nitrate reduction bacteria, and ratios of bacteria and actinmycetes to fungi than that of urea fertilizer. But the number of fungi was higher in the treatment of urea fertilizer and denitrifying bacteria showed a similar trend in both treatments. The microbial diversity index, which calculated with numbers of 6 species of microorganisms, was decreased with increasing of growing stage in the range of 0.1 to 0.35 and that was higher in the tratment of slow release fertilizer than urea.

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A New Early-Heading, High-Yielding Triticale Cultivar for Forage, 'Shinseong' (숙기가 빠르고 종실 수량이 많은 트리티케일 신품종 '신성')

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Hyung-Ho;Park, Tae-Il;Oh, Young-Jin;Song, Tae-Hwa;Kim, Dea-Wook;Chae, Hyun-Seok;Hong, Ki-Heung;Bae, Jeong-Suk;Kim, Ki-Soo;Yun, Geon-Sig;Lee, Seong-Tae;Ku, Ja-Hwan;Kweon, Soon-Jong;Ahn, Jong-Woong;Kim, Byung-Joo
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.142-149
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    • 2016
  • 'Shinseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar 'Shinseong' was selected from the cross RONDO/2$^*$ERIZO_11//KISSA_4/3/ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1998. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection programs at Mexico from 1999 to 2004, and a line 'CTSS98Y00019S-0MXI-B-3-3-5' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield testing in Korea for 3 years, the line was designated 'Iksan47'. The line was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in seven locations, Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Gangjin, Daegu, and Jinju from 2013 to 2015 and was finally named 'Shinseong'. Cultivar 'Shinseong' has the characteristics of light green leaves, yellow culm and spike, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Shinseong' was April 24 which was 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust of 'Shinseong' were similar to those of the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Shinseong' at milk-ripe stages was $15MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 3% lower than that ($15.5MT\;ha^{-1}$) of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Shinseong' (6.7%) was higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (5.9%) in crude protein content, while was similar to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in acid detergent fiber (34.6%), neutral detergent fiber (58.6%), and total digestible nutrients (61.6%). It showed grain yield of $7.2MT\;ha^{-1}$ which was 25% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' ($5.8MT\;ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

Comparison of Anti-oxidative Activity in a Single Serving Size of the Commercial Coffees and Teas

  • Kim, Tae-Hun;Lee, Seulgi;Seo, Jin Woo;Bing, Sun Hye;Kim, Jong Im;Kwon, Eui-Ra;Jo, Gune-Hee;Lee, Jae-Myean;Choi, Joon Sig
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.460-469
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    • 2017
  • The aim of this work was to study the comparison of anti-oxidative activity in a single serving size of commercial coffees and teas. Commercial regular coffees and teas, including, brand regular coffees ($BC_A$, $BC_B$, $BC_C$, $BC_D$, and $BC_E$), green tea ($GT_A$, $GT_B$, $GT_C$, and $GT_D$), black tea ($BT_A$, $BT_B$, and $BT_C$), pu-erh tea ($PT_A$, $PT_B$, and $PT_C$), chamomile tea ($CT_A$, $CT_B$, and $CT_C$), peppermint tea ($P_A$, $P_B$, and $P_C$), polygonatum odoratum tea ($POT_A$, $POT_B$, and $POT_C$), and jujube tea ($JT_A$, $JT_B$, and $JT_C$) were assayed for the levels of ascorbic acid, caffeine, total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, and ability to scavenge free radicals, using two in vitro antioxidant assays. The scavenging abilities of $BC_A$ and $BC_C$ were $664.91{\pm}48.87mg$ ascorbic acid equivalent/serving size and $624.36{\pm}16.18mg$ ascorbic acid equivalent/serving size, respectively. The four beverage samples ($BC_A$, $BC_C$, $GT_D$, and $BT_A$) significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular oxidative stress induced by $H_2O_2$. These results suggest that the beverages possess significant radical scavenging ability, which may be due to the presence of antioxidants. Furthermore, the significant reducing level of ROS evidences the potential antioxidant effects of these beverages in human cells.

A New Six-rowed and Covered Barley Cultivar, "Hyedang" with Lodging Tolerance and High-Yield (내도복 다수성 겉보리 신품종 "혜당")

  • Kim, Yang-Kil;Baek, Seong-Bum;Kim, Jung-Gon;Lee, Mi-Ja;Kim, Mi-Jung;Kim, Hong-Sik;Park, Jong-Chul;Hyun, Jong-Nae;Suh, Sae-Jung;Kim, Si-Ju;Kim, Jae-Chul;Jeung, Jai-Hyun;Choi, Jae-Seong
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.630-634
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    • 2009
  • "Hyedang", a new covered cultivar derived from the crosses between "Suwon300" and "Haganemugi//CI08397/Haganemugi" developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA in 2007. The origin of "Hyedang" is "Iksan 407" (SB951033-B-B-B-72). The initial cross was made in 1995 and the selected line showed a high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test in 2004. "Iksan407" consistently performed well for three years (2005-2007) from the four locations of regional yield trial (RYT) in Korea and released as "Hyedang". The characteristics of "Hyedang" were the following: rate III growth habit, green leaf and stem, compact spike and with long rough awns. The heading date was April 25 in upland and April 17 in paddy field, which was 2 and 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar, "Olbori". The culm length was 80 cm which was 8 cm shorter than those of check cultivar. It showed spike length of 4.3 cm and 696 spikes per $m^2$, 51 grains per spike, 35.0 g of 1,000 grain weight and 704 g of test weight. It showed stronger winter hardiness and higher resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) than those with check cultivar. It showed similar protein content and higher whiteness than those of the check cultivar and diastatic power was higher than that of Olbori. The average yield of the pearled grain in the RYT was $4.17ton\;ha^{-1}$ in upland and $4.27ton\;ha^{-1}$ in paddy field, which was 23% and 9% higher than that of the check cultivar, respectively. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum mean temperature of $-8^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

A New Auricleless Barley Cultivar "Dami" for Whole Crop Forage (밀식적응 양질 다수성 무엽이 청보리 품종 "다미")

  • Park, Tae-Il;Seo, Jae-Hwan;Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Ki-Hun;Choi, Jae-Seong;Kim, Jung-Gon;Park, Jong-Chul;Kim, Hong-Sik;Heo, Hwa-Young;Baek, Seong-Bum;Kwon, Young-Up;Park, Hyoung-Ho;Kang, Moon-Seok;Park, Kwang-Geun;Suh, Sae-Jung
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.349-353
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    • 2009
  • We developed a new barley cultivar "Dami" (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the auricleless gene lig (al, li, aur-a). The characteristic of auricleless is a spontaneous mutant type which has known as a monogenic recessive gene. The plant with the gene has erect leaf blades because of no auricle. The cultivar was derived from a cross between 'BGS60' and 'Kangbori'. 'BGS60' has the auricleless gene (li), while 'Kangbori' showed a high biomass with winter hardiness and resistance to BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus). Subsequent generations were handled by the bulk method in a pedigree selection program. A promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials at Iksan in 2003 to 2004, and designated as Iksan414. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in the seven locations around Korea for three years from 2005 to 2007 and was designated as "Dami" and released. It has the growth habit of III, erect plant type, green leaf and stem similar to the check cultivar 'Sunwoo' Its heading date was April 30, and maturing date May 31 in paddy field conditions, which were similar to those of 'Sunwoo' respectively. The cultivar Dami was 97 cm in culm length, had 643 spikes per $m^2$ and higher leaf dry weight, and better adaptability to dense planting, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than the check cultivar did. The average forage yield of "Dami" was about 12 ton $ha^{-1}$ in dry matter (33 ton $ha^{-1}$ in fresh matter) in paddy field. "Dami" also showed 7.5% of crude protein content, 28.5% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 50.1% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 66.4% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area where the daily minimum temperature of January is above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.