• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2010

This research was conducted to determine the effect of interruption layer for capillary rise on the sand based growing media when growing Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) on soil reclamation and saline water irrigation. Growing media profile consists of three layers as top soil of 30 cm, 20 cm of the interruption layer for capillary rise and 10 cm of reclaimed paddy soil. Growing media profile was packed in 30 cm diameter column pots. The top soil was a mixture of sand dredged up from Lake Bhunam Tae Ahn, Korea and peat at the ratio of 95:5 by volume. Bottom part of column was covered with plastic net and the pots were soaked into 5 cm depth saline water reservoir with salinity $3-5\;dS\;m^{-1}$. Kentucky bluegrass was established by sod and irrigated using $2\;dS\;m^{-1}$ saline water ($5.7\;mm\;day^{-1}$) in 3 days interval. The results showed that the largest accumulation of salt in the spring with electrical conductivity in saturated extract (ECe) of $5.4\;dS\;m^{-1}$ and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) 34.0 in growing media without the interruption layer for capillary rise and ECe of $4.6\;dS\;m^{-1}$ and SAR 8.24 at growing media using gravel as the interruption layer for capillary rise material. The interruption layer for capillary rise of gravel and coarse sand reduced the accumulation of Na by 16% and 25%, ECe by 7% and 13% in the growing media. Visual quality of Kentucky bluegrass was higher in growing media with the interruption layer for capillary rise of gravel than no interruption layer by 8.3 compared to 7.9 in rates. The interruption layer for capillary rise of gravel and coarse sand enhanced the visual quality by 4.1 and 4.0%, root length by 50 and 38%, and root dry weight by 35 and 17% of Kentucky bluegrass, and reduced the accumulation of Na by 16% and 25%, ECe by 7% and 13% in the growing media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.10-17
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth of Vitex rotundifolia as affected by the difference of soil depth and mixture ratio in a shallow-extensive green roof module system, and to identify the level of soil thickness and mixture ratio as suitable growing condition to achieve the desired plant growth in green roof. Different soil thickness levels were achieved under 7cm, 15cm and 25cm of shallow-extensive green roof module systems made by woody frame of $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$. Soil mixture ratio were eight types for perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 7 : 1 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_7P_1L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 6 : 2 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_6P_2L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 5 : 3 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_5P_3L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 4 : 4 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_4P_4L_2$), only sand ($S_{10}$), sand : leafmold = 7 : 3 (v/v, $S_7L_3$), sand : leafmold = 5 : 5 (v/v, $S_5L_5$) and only leafmold ($L_{10}$). The growth response of Vitex rotundifolia had fine and sustain condition in $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$., Especially, in case of $P_6P_2L_2$, growth response appeared to be good even in soil thickness 7cm, which showed low survival rates of Vitex rotundifolia in other soil mixtures. Tree height, root diameter, photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents tended to increase with increased soil thickness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.75-90
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify landscaping costs for apartment landscapes, landscape facility factors, and the transition of spatial composition for landscapes. In addition, based on the questionnaires and analysis results for workers in related fields such as landscape design companies and construction companies, this study aimed at acquiring results for the development of current apartment landscapes and directions for improvement in the future. Through the results, it aimed at providing basic data for apartment landscapes in the future. Results showed that there was approximately a 2.6 times increase for landscaping expenses of actual apartment landscapes, and a 7.0 to 11.5 times increase in the future can be expected. The cause of such increase is the continuously growing demand for a more pleasant environment. Landscape facilities factors have been diversified, and most facilities are used as multi-purpose spaces rather than serving simple facilities. Questionnaires and field investigations showed that water facilities underwent the biggest changes, and the cause for such changes were found to be the introduction of new facilities such as water facilities and environmental structures, as well as the creation of integrated functions and spaces. Spatial composition for landscapes showed that multi-purpose spaces were established, and for the apartment differentiation strategy, there were many different changes such as theming of green areas and places for exchange among residents. For changes, the most changes were in green areas, and studies also showed that there were many changes for rest areas as well. The cause for such change is judged to have been brought about by the increase of landscape space by placing parking areas underground, and investigations showed that compared to green areas composed of large grass patches, recent apartments are establishing diverse and experience-based green areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2015

The artificial light sources for growth of plant are usually high-pressure sodium lamp, metal haloids lamp, and fluorescent light; however, these light sources have relatively weaker Red and Blue lights that are necessary for growth of plants. Especially the effect of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) is pointed out as the weakness. Meanwhile, LED light source can be selected by specific wavelength to greatly improve the effect of PPFD. In this regard, this paper aims to investigate the promotion of plant growth by measuring photosynthetic photon flux density (hereafter referred to as PPFD) according to changes in light quality of the LED light sources. Towards this end, LED light sources for plant growth were produced with 4 kinds of mono-chromatic lights and 6 kinds of combined lights by mixing red, blue, green and white lights. A comparative analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of optical properties and PPFD on plants (green leaf lettuce) using the produced light sources. The results monochromatic light has fastest growth rate, but plant growth conditions have poor. This being so, mixed light is suitable for the green leaf lettuce.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.972-975
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• 2000

Environmental factors have become important in manufacturing planning due to governmental regulations and a growing preference for "green" products. However, planning decisions must also consider traditional dimensions such as production rate and quality. In this study, technology related to basic dicision method of environmentally conscious machining considered economic view was dealed. And experiments of dry type machining excluded coolant and semi-dry type machining using minimum coolant were established for the comparison of conventional machining ouputs.ng ouputs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.08a
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• pp.170-171
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2001

Only do we have an earth! It is crucially important to improve our living environment and keep the sustained development of a city in the limited space. Some concrete examples will be analysized in the paper, elaborating upon how to make full use of roof space and various plants to create a better green-space. To create different activity space with unique characteristics for people, various plants, roof-space, water and buildings in the style of garden should be use when local conditions and design requirement should be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.111-118
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• 2011

With increasing interest in health promotion and quality of life, growing attention has been focused on the beneficial effects of urban green area. However, very few evidence-based approaches have been conducted on the health-related benefits of urban greenery. Therefore, this study examined the health-related benefits of green areas using physiological and psychological indices to obtain evidence-based data on these benefits. Twenty male university students were selected as subjects. Data were collected when participants viewed landscapes in a green area or an urban area for fifteen minutes. This research was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of School of Medicine, Chungnam National University. Physiological data in the green area revealed significantly decreased heart rates, significantly increased high-frequency value of heart rate variability, an index of parasympathetic activity, and reduced salivary cortisol concentration, a stress hormone, compared to the urban area. Psychological tests showed the green area significantly reduced the negative mood state and psychological symptoms, and significantly increased the positive mood state. Our data provided evidence for the health-related benefits of green areas, and the findings of this study support that green areas can play a critical role in health promotion for urban residents, by positively affecting autonomic nervous and endocrinal activities.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2010

Green Growth was declared as a national development agenda in 2008. There are many contributing concepts and factors in the process of molding the agenda, such as climate change, sustainable development, globalization, the so-called 747 campaign pledges by President Lee in 2007, and the hunger for economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Green Growth is rather growth-oriented and pays less attention to environmental conservation and social justice. Green Development would fit better as the name of the agenda, dealing with the weaknesses of Green Growth. Climate change itself is a testing ground for geographic knowledges, whose demand is growing rapidly. The contemporary issue increasingly bears complexity that Earth System Science and Sustainability Science have emerged as a research and applications program. Geography is widely recognized as a portal to these programs, where inter- and trans-disciplinary studies are required. Regional potentials should be evaluated from a holistic view so that proper development goals are chosen. Different development trajectory should be taken, depending on the amount of potential a region bears. Material loop should be closed for environmentally sound regions. Green way of life is essential for low carbon society. In the circumstances of climate change in Korean Peninsula and needing of energy efficiency, geographic insight or imagination is urgent for Green Development.