• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.773-788
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• 2003

Ostrich farming is a developing industry in most countries in the world, with farm profitability being largely dependent on the quality of the products, especially skins and meat. To produce quality products, it is essential to ensure that nutrient supply matches the nutrient requirements of ostriches during their growth. To achieve this, information on feed utilisation efficiency and nutrient requirements of ostriches at different maturity stages is required. In South Africa, a number of experiments were carried out to assess the nutritive value of feed and to define the nutrient requirement of ostriches. These data were derived from limited number of birds and the direct application of the results to ostrich farming in Australia and other countries is questionable due to the difference in environment and feed resources. Initially ostrich farmers used data from poultry as a guideline for feed formulation, but in recent years more data has become available for ostriches. Ostriches have a better feed utilisation efficiency and a larger capacity of using high fibre feeds such as pastures than poultry. This review revealed that there are a number of areas there further nutritional research and development is required to ensure the ostriches are provided suitable diets to maximise farm profitability. These include the assessment of the nutritive value of feed ingredients for ostrich chicks and adult birds, the determination of nutrient requirements of ostriches under different farming systems, the development of ostrich diet for producing specific product, and grazing management strategies of ostriches in a crop-pasture rotation system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 1995

In the present study, nutritional status of some minerals in sheep grazed on native pasture was investigated in dry area, Ningxia district, of the People's Republic of China. Samples of some forages and blood of sheep were collected for two seasons, dry (March) and rainy (August) seasons. The Ca contents of forages (wheat straw, green-pea straw and some wild grasses) were relatively high as compared with that required ordinarily as standard, but on the contrary, the P content was much lower than that of standard. Consequently, Ca/P ratio was very high in cost of the roughages sampled in the region. Trace elements, Cu and Zn, content of forage samples were fairly low, and the contents of Mo and Fe were fairly high, particularly in some wild grasses, when the values were compared with that required normally. The Ca level in blood of sheep was in a range accepted as normal, and the other macro minerals(Mg and P) were contained at relatively high levels as compared with the values observed ordinarily, but not at a toxic level. With trace minerals, the plasma Fe level was extremely high as compared with the standard level, although there were no disorders due to toxicity, and Mo level in plasma was a little lower than the lower limit described as a normal. The plasma levels of other trace elements (Cu, Zn and Se) in all the animals were within the range accepted as normal. There would be no clear differences in mineral nutrition of sheep between dry and rainy seasons. These results could suggest that there is no severe unbalance and/or imbalance, and grazing sheep in the Ningxia area of midland China have no problems relating to the nutritional status of minerals.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2019

본 연구는 엘크 수사슴의 방목 시 보충사료 급여수준에 따른 생산성 변화와 적정 방목강도 구명을 통하여 초지활용성을 향상시키고 사슴 방목에 대한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 공시가축은 평균체중 195kg의 2년생 엘크(Cervus canadensis) 수사슴 15두를 공시하였으며, 보충사료 급여수준에 따라 3개의 처리구(체중의 1.0%(T1), 체중의 1.5%(T2), 체중의 2.0%(T3))에 완전임의배치를 하였다. 실험기간동안 건물섭취량과 일당증체량은 보충사료 급여수준이 높을수록 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 월별 건물섭취량과 증체량은 봄부터 여름까지 증가하다 가을로 들어서면서 감소하는 일반적인 사슴의 섭식패턴과 유사하게 나타났다. 그러나 뿔 성장기 보충사료 급여수준이 낮을 경우 녹용성장기에 성장지연의 문제가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 녹용생산성의 경우 영양수준과의 연관성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 방목초지의 사초생산성은 5월에 가장 높았고 8월 이후 급격히 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 산야초를 활용한 산지방목에 비해서 조단백질 함량이 높게 나타났다. 엘크 수사슴의 월별 적정 방목강도는 사초생산성이 높은 5~6월에 보충사료 급여수준에 따라 38~59 두/ha로 높게 나타났고, 7월 이후에는 13~32 두/ha로 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 보충사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 사초섭취량이 감소하여 방목강도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로 엘크 수사슴의 방목 시 녹용성장기 성장지연을 예방하고 방목 시 안정적인 증체량을 유지하기 위해서는 보충사료를 체중의 1.5%이상 급여하는 것이 필요하다고 사료되며, 초지의 활용성을 향상시키기 위해서 사초 생산성을 고려하여 적정 방목강도의 조절이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2009

본 연구는 친환경축산의 실천 및 유기조사료 생산을 위해 방목초지에서 혼파조합 및 질소시비 수준이 식생구성과 사초생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 시험은 2003년 8월부터 2005년 12월까지 난지농업연구소 시험포장에서 실시하였다. 시험처리는 혼파조합을 주구로 질소 시비수준을 세구로 하는 9처리 3반복 분할구배치법으로 배치하여 사초생산성과 식생구성변화를 조사하였다. 목초의 총 건물생산량은 두과혼파에 의해 높은 증가(P<0.01)를 보였으며, 질소시용 수준간에는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 식생구성비율은 1년차 봄에 화본과의 비율은 80% 정도의 비율을 차지하였으나 여름과 가을에는 두과 비율이 94% 이상의 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 혼파조합에 따른 조단백질 함량은 화본과 단파구(T1) 보다 두과목초 혼파구가 14.9%에서 18.0%로 평균 3.1% 높게 나타났으며 질소시비 수준에 따라서는 16.6~17.5%로 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1991-1998
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of three different diets on the fatty acids (FA) profile and sensory properties of a characteristic Italian fresh cheese: Pecorino "Primo Sale" (PS). Methods: Fifty-four sheep were divided into three feeding groups: total mixed ration (TMR) enriched with extruded linseed (TL), control diet with TMR without any integration (TC), and pasture (P). During cheese production, six cheeses per experimental group were produced each week, stored for 10 days at 4℃, and then analyzed for chemical composition, FA profile, and sensory properties. Results: Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly higher in PS from group TC (82.11%) than in cheese from other two groups (P 75.48% and TL 66.83%). TL and P groups presented higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4.35 and 3.65%, respectively, than that of TC group (2.31%). The lowest SFA/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was found in TL and P groups, while the highest was found in the TC group. Vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher in group P (p<0.05) than in groups L and TC. Sensory properties of cheese from group P received the highest scores for odor intensity and friability, while control group had a greater chewing consistency. Overall, all cheeses received good scores for acceptability. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed how the integration of extruded linseed improved the FA profile of fresh pecorino cheese PS preserving its sensory properties. Levels of CLA in the PS group achieved using this approach was not higher than that in a grazing diet. Cheeses from groups P and L contained a higher value of FA, with nutritional implications for humans, when compared with un-supplemented diet. Linseed may be a good feeding strategy when pasture is not available.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2009

본 연구는 경주마 생산 육성에 중요한 종빈마의 패독과 방목지에 있어 군별 및 개체별 행동양식을 조사하여 경주마 사양관리의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 실시하였다. 방목 중인 포유 종빈마군에서는 채식이 62%, 기립 휴식이 31%, 음수가 3%, 횡와 휴식이 1%, 보행이 1%, 수유 행동은 2%가 발현되었는데 러닝은 발현되지 않았다. 포유 종빈마 개체별(3필) 행동발현비율의 평균은 채식이 295분으로 55%, 기립 휴식이 193분으로 36%, 보행과 음수가 각각 18분, 15분으로 3%, 수유가 13분으로 2%, 횡와 휴식이 6분으로 1%였다. 개체들은 평균적으로 grooming 11회, 배뇨 2회, 배분 1회의 행동발현이 관찰되었다. 패독에서 관리 중인 임신 종빈마 군에서는 기립 휴식이 48%, 채식 44%, 횡와 휴식 2%, 보행 4%, 음수 2%를 발현하였다. 임신 종빈마 개체별(3필) 발현 비율 평균은 채식 52%, 기립 40%, 보행 6%, 음수 2%였다. 개체들은 평균적으로 grooming 15회, 배뇨 1회, 배분 3회, 투쟁 1회, 구르기 2회의 행동발현이 관찰되었다. 이동패턴의 경우 옆 패독과 인접해 있는 곳에 집중되는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 1986

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 자연초지(自然草地) 식물군락(植物群落)의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 평가(評價)하고, 이들 군락(群落)을 식물사회학적(植物社會學的)인 면(面)에서 초지(草地) 식생도(植生圖)를 작성(作成)하기 위(爲)하여 1982년(年)부터 1983년(年)까지 독일(獨逸)의 남부(南部) Bavarian Alps 지역(地域)에서 수행(遂行)되었다. 1. 자연초지(自然草地) 식물군락(植物群落)의 타발적천이(他發的遷移)는 면양방목(緬羊放牧)보다 토양수분(土壤水分)이나 지표수(地表水)가 더 큰 영향(影響)을 미쳤다. 2. Rehberg-Alm의 초지식물(草地植物) 군락(群落)은 Nardetum apligenum, Poo-Prunelletum, Cirsium arvense-Cirsium vulgare-Association, Caricetum davalltanae, Rumicetum alpini, Caricetum paniculatae 및 Disturbed lowland bog-Stand였다. 3. 초지(草地)의 사료가(飼料價)가 낮은 식물군락(植物群落)인 Nardetum alpigenum은 면양방목(緬羊放牧)에 의(依)해 점차적(漸次的)으로 산지초지(山地草地)에서 가장 우수(優秀)한 식물군락(植物群落)인 Poo-Prunelletum으로 개량(改良)될 수 있을 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 4. 이 지역(地域)의 초지사료가(草地飼料價)는 식물군락(植物群落)의 식생구성(植生構成)에 따라 많은 차이(差異)가 있었는데, 가장 높은 사료가(飼料價)를 가진 군락(群落)은 Poo-Prunelletum으로 4.4였고 그 다음은 Nardetum alpigenum으로서 2.5였다. 이 외(外)의 식물군락(植物群落)들은 초지(草地)의 사료가(飼料價)가 낮아 방목지(放牧地)로서는 부적합(不適合)하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1996

Effects on feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits of supplementing lambs with urea molasses blocks, were studied. Forty eight crossbred lambs were divided into 6 groups and assigned randomly to grazing on native pasture (CONT) or along with supplements of Commercial ration (COM) and urea molasses blocks (UMBs) containing two levels of cement and calcium oxide as a binding agent. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences in dry matter (DMI, g/day), crude protein (CPI, g/day) and metabolizable energy (MEI, MJ/day) intakes. Differences in liveweight gain (LWG, g/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and net economic benefit of supplementation were also highly variable. The intake of DM, CP and ME varied from 974 to 1002, 66-70 and 7.6-8.4 in lambs supplemented with UMBs, significantly (p<0.01) greater than 848, 52.5 and 5.6 in lambs supplemented with COM or FCR and net economic benefits (54.3; 57.8; 17.1 and 1.96; 2.4) in lambs supplemented with COM and UMB-2, were CONT or supplemented with UMB-1, UMB-3 and UMB-4 respectively. Factors responsible for differences in feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits, are discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1990

칼륨施用水準과 生育段階 및 草種에 따른 秋草의 生育과 칼륨 및 마그네슘함량의 差異를 알아보기 위해 두가지의 水총#我培實驗을 실시했다. 먼저 生育段階의 진행에 따른 收草의 收量 및 無機物含量의 變化를 未本科救草 3種類를 사용하여, 목초가 발아한 후 15日 부터 55日 까지 조사했는데 그 結果는 (1) 發穿後 25 日 경 목초의 生草收量 및 칼슐含 量이 빠르게 增加했으며 (2) 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 칼륨含量이 가장 높고 마그네슘含量이 낮았으며, 툴 페스큐는 그와 반대였고, 오차드그라스의 두 無機物含量은 이탈리안 라이그라스와 톨 페스큐의 중간이었다 (실험 1). 다음으로 칼륨水準에 따라 生育反應의 變化를 알아보기 위해 未本科救草와 荳科救草를 각각 3 種類씩 이용하여 5ppm에서 1,000ppm까지의 溶被中 칼륨($K_20$)농도에서, 발아후 30日까지 시험재배한 結果는 (3) 용액중 칼륨水準의 증가에 따라 목초의 칼륨함량은 增加를, 마그네슘함량은 減少를 보였다. 칼륨 함량의 增加는 오차드그라스와 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 그 變化 範圍가 넓었으나 알팔파와 툴 페스큐에서는 좁았고, 마그네슘含量의 減少에서 이탈리안 라이그라스와 오차드그라스는 칼륨水準이 25-50ppm인 용액에서 감소가 뚜렷했으나 荳科救草와 톨 페스큐는 1,000ppm까지 散進的인 감소를 보였다. (4) 용액중 칼륨水準이 5ppm에서 25ppm 또는 50ppm으로 높아질 때 목초의 生草收量, 水分含量 및 칼륨함량의 증가가 뚜렷했으며 (5) 목초內의 水分을 기준으로 계산된 칼륨漫度(收草水分中 칼륨온도)는, 용액중 칼륨수준이 5ppm에서 50ppm으로 높아질 때 未本科救草에서 이탈리안 라이그라스는 2.6배로 오차드그라스는 2.5배로 큰 증가를 보였으나, 荳科收草는 1,000ppm 수준까지 정진적으로 증가했다. 以上의 結果로부터, 放牧地에 있어서도 生育時期와 토양中 칼륨水準의 두가지의 要因이 동시에 작용할 때, 목초의 水分含量, 마그네슘함량 및 목초水分中 칼륨온도의 급격한 변화를 가져오게 되는데 이러한 변화를 겪고 있는 목초(특히 未本科인 이탈리안 라야그라스와 오차드그라스)의 水分은, 放牧牛에 대해 毒 性物質로 作用하여 그라스테타니(低마그네슐血病)를 일으킬 수 있는 것으로 생각되어졌다.