• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.2 s.81
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• pp.77-84
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• 1997

The samples of 26 lichens were collected during two field trips to Ullung Island in May and October, 1995. From the samples collected, three species in two genera were identified; Graphis rikuziensis (Vain.) Nak., G. scripta (L.) Ach. and Pyrenula japonica Kurok. Among them, P. japonica was identified for the first time in Korea and is described here in detail.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.118-121
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• 2015

Graphis yunnanensis is described here as a new species. It is taxonomically well characterized by entire labia, slit-like disc, lateral thalline margin, completely carbonized proper exciple, inspersed hymenium, 8-spored asci, muriform $25{\sim}45{\times}8{\sim}12{\mu}m$ ascospores, and the presence of norstictic and stictic acids. The separation of the new species from other somewhat similar Graphis species is discussed. In addition, the study includes Graphis tenoriensis and Phlyctis karnatakana reported for the first time from China.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.73-76
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• 2013

The following new species for the lichen genus Graphis in Korea are reported: G. chlorotica, G. nanodes and G. tenuirima. A brief description of these species, together with their distribution, ecology, and illustrations are provided. A key to all known species of this genus from Korea is also presented.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.491-494
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• 2018

A new species of Graphis is described from Cameroon, Africa. The new taxon is distinguished by a greyish-green, glossy, uneven, and continuous thallus. Further, it possesses stellately branched lirellae, and its entire labia are covered almost completely with thick thalline margin. It also has a completely carbonized proper exciple, which is considerably thick at the base, one-spored asci, and muriform hyaline to yellowish ascospores.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2014

Graphis upretii is a new lichen species discovered in Vietnam. The species is characterized by a loosely corticate, rough, whitish grey to greyish green thallus, elongate and irregularly branched lirellae with an apically thin complete thalline margin (negrosina morph), laterally carbonized, entire proper exciple, clear hymenium, hyaline, 16~20 transversely locular ascospores, and about $50{\sim}95{\times}10{\sim}15{\mu}m$ in size. In addition, members of the taxon produce norstictic and stictic acids. Currently, the lichen flora of Vietnam include Arthonia radiata, Brigantiaea tricolor, Coenogonium implexum, Dirina paradoxa, Herpothallon sipmanii, Pertusaria pertusa, and Sarcographina cyclospora.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.38-44
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• 1974

The distribution of corticolous lichens had been investigated in the suburb of Seoul in which factories are located densely and Yeosu which located near sea and very few factories are seen in the neighbour. Ten cm point frame was located at random on the trunk of Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Carpinus Tschonoskii from bottom at 0.5m intervals to 8m height of each trees. The occurrence of each species was represented as a percentage of total quadrat frequency and of density. The density of the corticolous lichens was 2.8%, 6.9% and 7.6% at Dongkooneung, Kongneung and Kwangneung apart 15km, 25km and 32km from center of Seoul respectively. In Yeosu district, the occurrence is fairly different from that of Seoul: it is 34.8% and 34.9% at Odongdo and Hoamsan which located within 3km and 5km from the center of Yeosu. The greater frequency of the lichens on the trunk was found at 1~2m height of trees and they were found mostly on the trunk faced south. However, Pertusaria trochophora species occurred more often on the trunk faced east, Graphis scripta on east and north, Parmelia pertusa and Parmelia tinctorum on west side of trunk. Parmelia pertusa increased with increasing height of trees, but Calicium trabinellum and Anzia japonica decreased. Cetraria collata occurred mostly on the middle of above two species. SO2 concentration in the air of Seoul was high enough to eliminate the lichens except Pertusaria trochophora and Graphis scripta.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.702-712
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• 1999

지연 함수형 언어를 효율적으로 구현하기 위한 한 방법으로 G-machine이 제안되었다. G-machine은 그래프 축약을 빠르게 수행하지만, 축약 과정의 그래프를 저장하기 위해 많은 기억장소를 필요로 한다. 이는 그래프 축약 방법자체의 문제점으로 생각된다. 이 논문에서는 그래프 노드의 태그를 옮김으로써 기억장소의 그래프 구조를 압축할수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 노드의 태그는 그 노드를 가리키는 포인터 자리로 옮겨지는데, 포인터 정보의 유지하기 위해 상대주소와 합쳐져 함께 옮겨진다. 태그 옮기기는 그래프 구성 노드를 힙에 동시에 할당할수 있을 때 가능하다. 그러나, 일반적으로 그래프의 일부가 전체 그래프가 생성되기 이전에 생성될 수 있으므로, 이러한 태그 옮기기가 항상 가능한 것은 아니다. 그렇지만, 태그 옮기기에 의해서 어느 정도의 힙 사용량을 줄일 수있다. 태그 옮기기에 의해 그래프를 압축했을 때 압축된 그래프를 해석하기위한 수행시간의 부담이 생기게 되는데, 이 부담정도를 알아보기 위해 몇몇 작은 프로그램에 대해서 실험결과를 보였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 태그 옮기기를 수행한 결과, 총 힙 사용량은 평균 약 305 감소하였고, 이로 인한 수행시간은 원래의 G-machine과 비슷한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2013

To isolate a novel antifungal compound, we obtained 571 kinds of endolichenic fungi from Lichen Bioresources Center and examined their antifungal abilities. Four fungi Stereocaulon sp. (1429), Stereocaulon sp. (1430), Cryptosporiopsis sp. (0156), and Graphis sp. (1245) showed high antifungal activity against Candida albicans when they grew in both liquid and solid media. We extracted the culture supernatants of these fungi with chloroform and then ethyl acetate. The chloroform fraction exhibited the highest anti-fungal activities when those fractions were examined for the growth inhibition of Candida albicans with disc diffusion method. To see information for the inhibitor present in chloroform fraction we employed GC-MS for the fractions of Stereocaulon sp. (1429). We found that hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, decanoic acid, hexadecanonic acid-methyl ester, 14-octadecenoic acid-methyl ester, and octadecenoic acid-methyl ester were present more in chloroform fraction than in ethylacetate fraction. This indicates that those compounds could be possible antifungal candidates since antifungal activity of chloroform extract was two times higher than that of ethyl acetate extract.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2004

This study was initially performed to obtain fundamental data on lichen distribution depending on environmental condiLichens distributed on coastal rocks atleast 20 m far away from the coast were also investigated. Analyof morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS clones revealed that lichens containing 9 families and 15 genera were distributed in coastal rocks of V-do, while lichens containing 10 families and 14 genera were in field rocks, demonstrating little difference of diversity between both sites. Foliose lichens such as PhaeophysPhyscia, Pyxine belonging to the family Physciaceae were representatives distributed in coastal rocks of V-do, along with Xanthoparmelia belonging to Parmeliaceae, fruticose lichens such as Ramalina to Ramaliand crustose lichen Lecanora to Lecanoraceae. In contrast, foliose lichen Cladonia belonging to the family Cladoniaceae, fruitcose lichen Stereocaulon to Streocaulaceae, and crustose lichen Porpidia to Porpidwere found only on the surface of field rocks. Crustose lichens containing genera Caloplaca, CanDirinaria, Graphis, Rhizocarpon, and Pertusaria were rarely distributed in coastal rocks, and most of them were also found in field rocks.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2004

This study reports, for the first time, the ivestigation of the distribution of Korean saxicolous lichens in the coastal rocks of U-do islet, which is known as an unpolluted zone in Jeju. More than thirty lichens were obtained and investigated from the coastal rocks frequently contacted by seawater. A molecular analysis using PCR amplification of the rRNA ITS regions revealed the coastal rock lichens could be placed into 8 families and 14 genera, Ramalinaceae (Bacidia, Ramalina), Physciaceae (Buellia, Dirinaria, Phaeophyscia, Physcia, Pyxine), Lecanoraceae (Candelaria, Lecanora), Parmeliaceae (Xan­thopannelia), Graphidaceae (Graphis), Pertusariaceae (Pertusaria), Rhizocarpaceae (Rhizocarpon), and Teloschistaceae (Caloplaca), showing a diversity of lichens, with foliose (flat leaf-like), crustose (crust­like), and fruticose (miniature shrub-like) life forms might be distributed in the coastal rocks. These findings suggested the possibility that the lichens identified in the present work might be resistant to a salty environment.