• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.87-91
• /
• 2005

We have first isolated and characterized a Plutella xylostella granulovirus ($P_xGV$) from dead larvae of P. xylostella in Korea. The granule of $P_xGV$ was ovoidal shape with an approximate measure of $350-400nm{\times}150-200nm$, and each granule contained one single rod-shape virion with a mean size of $150-180nm{\times}20-30nm$. The major granule protein, granulin, had a molecular weight of approximately 29kDa. Whereas the nucleotide sequence of the granulin gene was identical to that of previously reported $P_xGV$, nucleotide sequences of two of three putative p10 genes were slightly different from those of reported $P_xGV$. These results suggested that the $P_xGV$ isolated in this study was a novel isolate containing different genomic information.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.206-212
• /
• 2004

The genes that are located within the odvp-6e/odv-e56 region of the Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus (ChfuGV) were identified by sequencing the 11 kb BamHI restriction fragment on the ChfuGV genome. The global GC content that was calculated from the data obtained from this genomic region was 34.96%. The open-reading frames (ORFs), located within the odvp-6e/odv-e56 region, are presented and compared to the equivalent ORFs that are located at the same region in other GVs. This region is composed of 14 ORFs, including three ORFs that are unique to ChfuGV with no obvious homologues in other baculoviruses as well as eleven ORFs with homologues to granuloviral ORFs, such as granulin, CfORF2, pk-1, ie-1, odv-e18, p49, and odvp-6e/odv-e56. In this study, the conceptual products of seven major conserved ORFs (granulin, CfORF2, IE-1, ODV-E18, p49 and ODVP-6E/ODV-E56) were used in order to construct phylogenetic trees. Our results show that granuloviruses can be grouped in 2 distinct groups as follows: Group I; Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus (ChfuGV), Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV), Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV), and Adoxophyes orana granulovirus (AoGV). Group II; Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV), Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PxGV), and Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV). The ChfuGV conserved proteins are most closely related to those of CpGV, PhopGV, and AoGV. Comparative studies, performed on gene arrangements within this region of genomes, demonstrated that three GVs from group I maintain similar gene arrangements.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 2006

Our previous research has identified granulin (grn) and p130 genes as sex steroid-inducible genes in the rat hypothalamus, which might be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain. Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects hypothalamic sex steroid-inducible genes. The present study assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA on sex steroid hormones levels and hypothalamic gm and p130 mRNA expressions at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 7. Pregnant rats were fed a soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to GD 3 or 7. At PND 3 and 7, perinatal exposure to these chemicals did not substantially affect serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. At PND 3, the expression of grn mRNA levels in males was decreased by DEHA, and that of p130 was decreased by DBP, DINP and DEHA, though the effects were not dose-dependent. At PND 7, the expression of gm gene in female pups was increased by higher doses of DBP and all the doses, except for 4,000 ppm, of DINP, while that in male pups decreased by 480 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA. Hypothalamic expression of p130 mRNA in males was increased by lower doses of DBP and all the doses of DINP, whereas that of females was decreased by 480 and 2,400 ppm of DEHA. These results suggest that these chemicals may affect the expression of gm and p130 genes by directly acting on the hypothalamus, thus leading to inappropriate expression of these genes.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제48권11호
• /
• pp.597-598
• /
• 2015

Mitochondrial respiratory defect is a key bioenergetics feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, their involvement and roles in HCC development and progression remain unclear. Recently, we identified 10 common mitochondrial defect (CMD) signature genes that may be induced by retrograde signaling-mediated transcriptional reprogramming in response to HCC mitochondrial defects. HCC patients with enriched expression of these genes had poor prognostic outcomes, such as shorter periods of overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1), a key transcription regulator, was up-regulated by Ca⁺⁺-mediated retrograde signaling. NUPR1-centric network analysis and a biochemical promoter-binding assay demonstrated that granulin (GRN) is a key downstream effector of NUPR1 for the regulation of HCC cell invasiveness; association analysis of the NUPR1-GRN pathway supported this conclusion. Mitochondrial respiratory defects and retrograde signaling thus play pivotal roles in HCC progression, highlighting the potential of the NUPR1-GRN axis as a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2008

Nitric oxide(NO) has been known to play important roles in numerous physiologic processes including neurotransmission, vasorelaxation, and cellular apoptosis. Using a mouse cDNA gene chip, we examined expression patterns and time course of NO-dependent genes in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Genes shown to be upregulated more than two fold or at least at two serial time points were further selected and validated by RT-PCR. Finally, 81 selected genes were classified by function as signaling, apoptosis, inflammation, transcription, translation, ionic homeostasis and metabolism. Among those, genes related with signaling, apoptosis and inflammation, such as guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha3(Gucy1a3); protein kinase C, alpha($Pkc{\alpha}$); lymphocyte protein tyrosine kinase(Lck); BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein(Bnip3); apoptotic protease activating factor 1(Apaf1); X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis(Xiap); cyclin G1(Ccng1); chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 4(Ccl4); B cell translocation gene 2, anti-proliferative(Btg2); lysozyme 2(Lyz2); secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1); heme oxygenase(decycling) 1(Hmox1); CD14 antigen(Cd14); and granulin(Grn) may play important roles in NO-dependent responses in murine macrophages.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 2010

Flavonoid 계열의 한 종류인 baicalin은 항염증, 항암, 항바이러스, 항세균 등의 효능을 가진다. 본 연구진은 선행연구를 통한 이전의 보고에서 baiclain이 adipogenesis pathway(지방세포 형성 경로)의 anti-adipogenic(지방세포 형성억제)과 pro-adipogenic(지방세포 형성 유도) factor들을 조절함으로써 비만 및 adipogenesis를 억제함을 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는, microarray 기술을 이용하여 3T3-L1 세포에서 baiclain이 유도하는 지방세포 형성 억제 효과에 대한 분자적 기작을 보다 상세하게 연구하고자 하였다. 지방세포의 분화 시간(0일, 2일, 4일 및 7일)과 분화 시 baicalin의 처리 유무에 따라 유전자 발현 양상을 분석하기 위해 해당 시료들을 microarray에 적용하였다. Microarray 결과로부터 2배이상의 변화가 있는 3972개의 유전자를 확보하였다. 그 유전자들의 발현 양상을 좀 더 자세히 살펴보기 위해 hierarchical clustering 분석을 진행하였고 그 결과로 20개의 cluster를 분류할 수 있었다. 그들 중 4개의 cluster는 분화의 전반적인 기간에서 baicalin의 첨가에 의해 뚜렷하게 상승(cluster 8과 cluster 10)하거나 반대로 뚜렷하게 감소(cluster 12와 cluster 14)하는 양상을 보였다. Cluster 8과 cluster 10에는 CHOP(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), INSIG1(insulin induced gene 1), WISP2(WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2), ADM(adrenomedullin), CCND2(cyclin D2), GRN(granulin) 및 TGFB3(transforming growth factor, beta 3)과 같은 세포 증식과 지방세포 형성 억제를 상승시키는 유전자들이 다수 포함되었다. 반대로 cluster 12와 cluster 14에는 세포 증식 억제, 세포 주기 억제 및 세포 성장 억제와 연관되거나 지방세포를 유도하는 유전자인 LTA(lympotoxin A), ACADSB(acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, short/branched chain), HMGCS2(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2), IGFBP7(insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7), MERTK(c-merproto-oncogene tyrosine kinase), RASSF2(ras association(RalGDS/AF-6) domain family 2), RHOU(ras homolog gene family, member U) 및 SESN1(sestrin1) 등이 포함되었다. 결론적으로 baicalin은 세포 증식 및 지방세포 형성과 연관된 유전자들을 조절함으로써 지방세포의 분화를 억제하는 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 결과는 baicalin이 유도하는 지방세포 형성 억제 및 비만 억제 효과의 분자적 기작에 대한 중요한 정보를 제시한다.