• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2000

Cerebellar granule and glial cells prepared from 7 day-old rat pups were used to investigate the effects of sub-acute nicotine exposure on the glutamatergic nervous system. These cells were exposed to nicotine in various concentrations for 2 to 10 days in situ. Nicotine-exposure did not result in any changes in cerebellar granule and glial cell viability at concentrations of up to 500 $\mu\textrm{M}$. In cerebellar granule cells, the basal extracellular levels of glutamate, aspartate and glycine were enhanced in the nicotine-exposed granule cells. In addition, the responses of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced glutamate release were enhanced at low NMDA concentrations in the nicotine-exposed granule cells. However, this decreased at higher NMDA concentrations. The glutaminase activity was increased after nicotine exposure. In cerebellar glial cells, glutamate uptake in the nicotine-exposed glial cells were either increased at low nicotine exposure levels or decreased at higher levels. The inhibition of glutamate uptake by L-trans-pyrollidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) was lower in glial cells exposed to 50 $\mu\textrm{M}$ nicotine. Glutamine synthetase activity was lower in glial cells exposed to 100 or 500 $\mu\textrm{M}$ of nicotine. These results indicate that the properties of cerebellar granule and glial cells may alter after subacute nicotine exposure. Furthermore, they suggest that nicotine exposure during development may modulate glutamatergic nervous activity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2002

Granule cells in dentate gyrus of hippocampus relay information from entorhinal cortex via perforant fiber to pyramidal cells in CA3 region. Their electrical activities are known to be closely associated with seizure activity as well as memory acquisition. Since action potential is a stereotypic phenomena which is based on all-or-none principle of $Na^+$ current, the neuronal firing pattern is mostly dependent on afterpotentials which follows the stereotypic $Na^+$ spike. Granule cells in dentate gyrus show afterdepolarization (ADP), while interneurons in dentate gyrus have afterhyperpolarizaton. In the present study, we investigated the ionic mechanism of afterdepolarization in hippocampal dentate granule cell. Action potential of dentate granule cells showed afterdepolarization, which was characterized by a sharp notch followed by a depolarizing hump starting at about $-49.04{\pm}1.69\;mV\;(n=43,\;mean{\pm}SD)$ and lasting $3{\sim}7$ ms. Increase of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 10 mM significantly enhanced the ADP both in amplitude and in duration. A $K^+$ channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 2 mM), enhanced the ADP and often induced burst firings. These effects of 10 mM $Ca^{2+}$ and 4-AP were additive. On the contrary, the ADP was significantly suppressed by removal of external $Ca^{2+},$ even in the presence of 4-AP (2 mM). A $Na^+$ channel blocker, TTX (100 nM), did not affect the ADP. From these results, it is concluded that the extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx contributes to the generation of ADP in granule cells.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.356-364
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• 1998

$ZTA:\;Al_2O_3/\;15\;vol{%}\;ZrO_2$ (Zirconia Toughened Alumina : ZTA)를 상압소결에 의해 제조시 분무건조한 granule의 특성에 따른 성형밀도 및 소결밀도의 변화를 고찰하여, 소결밀도의 재현성을 향상시킬 수 있는 성령 공정 조건을 제시하였다. 결합제의 첨가 유무에 따라 granule의 구형도, 평균크기, granule 내의 hollow의 생성정도, 수분함유량 등이 다름을 확인하였다. granule의 물성 차이가 성형거동에 미치는 영향을 성형압(80~120MPa)과 성형방법(일축성형과 정수압 성형)에 따른 성형밀도의 변화를 통하여 조사하였다. granule의 특성 변화에 의한 밀도의 낮은 재현성은 성형압과 성형방법의 최적화를 통하여 극복될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 즉 가능한 낮은 압력(80MPa)에서 일축성형한 후 고압(500MPa)에서 정수압 성형하였을 때 소결후 밀도변화는 1%이내에서 조절되었다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.53-70
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• 1987

실험에 사용한 플라나리아는 Dugesia japonica Ichikawa et Kawakatsu로서 핵형분석에 의하여 종을 확인하였다, 이 종의 유조직을 구성하는 세포들의 세포화학적 및 미세구조적 특징을 밝히고자 본 실험을 행하였다. 세포화학적으로 방법으로는 hematoxyline-edsin, periodie, acid-schiff(PAS),PAS-alcian blue 반응 그리고 methylene blue-basic fuchisn 두으로 염색으 시행하였고, 유조직의 미세구조를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 유조직에는 두 조의 유조직 세포 이외에 봉상체형성세포와 종의 호염기성세포, 1종의 호산성세포 그리고 투명과립세포 7종의 과립세포가 관찰되었다. 1.유리유조직세포(Free parenchymal cell): 핵막 바로 주위에 세포질에는 다수의 chromatoid body가 존재하였고 세포질에 비하여 핵은 매우 컸다. 핵질에서는 뚜렷한 인을 관찰할 수 있었고 큰 염색질은 핵질에 균일하게 많이 분포되었다. 2.고정유세포( Fixed parenchymal cell): 이 세포는 불규칙한 모습으로 많은 세포돌기를 내고 있었고, 세포질에는 전자밀도가 매우 낮은 투명질에 과립성소포체, mitochondria 그리고 Golgi체등이 발달되어 었었다. 3.봉상체 형성세포(Rhabdite-forming cell): 세포질에는 전자밀도가 매우 높은 봉상체과립(0.3 x 0.9 $\mu$m)들을 포함하였으며 과립성소포체,mitochondria 그리고 Golgi체 등의 세포소기관도 매우 발달되어 있었다. 4. A형 호염기성과립세포(Basophilic granule cell type A): 세포질내에는 alcian blue에 강한 양성반응을 나타내고 전자밀도가 매우 높은 불규칙한 형태의 과립 (1.4 x 0.7 $\mu$m)들이 밀접되어 있었다. 5. C형 호기성과립세포(Basophilic granule cell type C): 세포질에는 PAS반응에 양성을 나타내는 작은 과립(0.2$\mu$m)들이 분산되어 있었다. 이 유형의 과립들은 근육층에서도 관찰되었다. 6. D형 호기성과립세포(Basophilic granule cell type D): 생긱기관 주위의 유조직에서만 관찰되었으며 세포질에는 PAS반응에 강한 양성을 보이고 또한 약한 eosinophilic도 나타내는 원형의 과립들이 대부분 집단을 이루웠다. 7. E형 호기성과립세포(Basophilic granule cell type E): 생식기관 주위의 유조직내에서만 관찰되었으며, 세포질내에는 PAS양성과립(약0.2$\mu$m)이 극소수 분산되어 있었다. 8. 호산성 과립세포(Eosinophilic granule cell): 세포질에는 eosinophilia를 나타내며, 전자밀도가 매우 높은 구형 또는 불규칙형과립(0.3$\times$0.2-8$\times$0.4$\mu$m)들이 존재하였으며, cisternae가 넓은 과립성소포체도 매우 발달되어 있었다. 9. 투명과립세포(Transparent granule cell): 본 실험에서 실시된 세포화학적 염색반응에서 음성을 나타내는 투명과립을 포함하고 있는 이같은 세포들은 D형 호염기성과립세포 주위에서 주로 관찰되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2006

본 연구소에서는 혐기성 입상슬러지를 충진한 UASB 반응기와 탄소섬유를 충진한 배양기를 조합하여 아주 느린 성장특성을 가진 혐기성 암모늄 산화균의 배양을 시도하였다. 연속배양 180일 이후, 유입질소부하가 0.6 kg $N/m^3-d$였을 때, 평균 질소전환율은 0.54 kg $N/m^3-d$로 나타났다. 검은 혐기성 입상슬러지는 연속배양시간이 지남에 따라 갈색과 붉은 색으로 변화되었으며, anammox 반응기는 붉은색 입상슬러지가 많을수록 높은 활성도를 나타내었다. 따라서, 붉은색 입상슬러지를 채취하여 분자생물학적 방법을 이용하여 미생물 군집구조를 분석하였다. 클로닝 및 계통분류학적 분지도 작성 결과, anammox UASB 반응조의 붉은색 입상슬러지에서 발견된 미생물 종류는 anammox 미생물과 더불어 문단위의 4가지 다른 미생물, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chlorobi와 Chloroflexi로 나타났다. Anammox UASB 반응조내의 붉은색 입상슬러지에서는 clone의 개수를 기준으로 anammox 미생물이 약 25%가 존재하였고 $\beta$-proteobacteria가 우점하고 있는 양상을 보여주었으며, 본 연구의 클로닝 정보와 AMX368 FISH 탐침자를 이용해 in silico 실험을 수행한 결과 AMX368과 정확히 들어맞는 anammox 미생물 clone 하나와 하나의 염기서열이 변이를 일으킨 11개의 anammox 미생물 clone을 확인할 수 있었다. 사상균 형태의 Chloroflexi는 혐기조건 입상 슬러지의 형성과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. FISH 수행결과, anammox 미생물은 붉은색 입상 슬러지에 우점하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 1998

The development of the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm of crown-rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cell, primitive neuroblast, primitive supporting cell, and unmyelinated fibers. At 70mm fetus, the neuroblasts and their processes were ensheated by the bodies or processes of satellite cells. The cytoplasm of the neuroblast contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, Nissl bodies and dense-cored vesicles. As the neuroblasts grew and differentiated dense-cored vesicles moved away from perikaryal cytoplasm into developing processes. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic axon and dendrites of postganglionic neuron and a few axosomatic synapses were first observed at 70 mm fetus. At 90 mm fetus the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cells, granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The ganglion cells increased somewhat in numbers and size by 150 mm fetus. Further differentiation resulted in the formation of young ganglion cells, whose cytoplasm was densely filled with cell organelles. During next prenatal stage up to 260 mm fetus, the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells contained except for large pigment granules, all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature superior cervical ganglion. A great number of synaptic contact zones between the cholinergic preganglionic axon and the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron were observed and a few axosomatic synapses were also observed. Two morphological types of the granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first identified at 90 mm fetus. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary, whereas type II tended to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon termials were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of the granule- containing cells and dendrites of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm fetus onward. In conclusion, superior cervical ganglion cells and granule-containing cells arise from a common undifferentiated cell precursor of neural crest . The granule-containg cells exhibit a local modulatory feedback system in the superior cervical ganglion and nay serve as interneurons between the preganglionic and postganglionic cells.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

The natural ingredient has been utilized variety of the food and medicine. The aromatherapy well known prevent disease and healthy promotion using the essential oil derived extracted plants. In this work, natural ingredient include herb granulated for application of tobacco filter. That used by granulation using fluidized bed granulator(top-spray, bottom-spray and tangential-spray) and wet granule method. According to ingredient can used granulating method selectivity. So, we used fluid-bed granulator and wet granule method. Grapefruit extract coated sugar particle using the bottom-spray method and red ginseng granule granulated red ginseng powder using the tangential-spray method in a fluidized bed. Then, these granules applied the tobacco filter after due consideration add amount and operation efficiency. As a result, wet granule was loaded dual filter because that similarity carbon granule. And it was fitted in added 3mg/mm, per tip in the tobacco end part. Another type, fuidized bed granules was filled cavity filter because it has high hardness, sphere shape.

• 약학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of surfactant on the dissolution of relatively hydrophilic drugs, such as sulfanilamide (SF) and sulfacetamide (SFA) granules prepared by wet granulation. The additive incorporated in the granules is starch or microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) as an excipient, PVP as a binder, and polysorbate 80 (P-80) as a surfactant. The dissolution characteristics of SF and SFA granules in distilled water were as follows: The values of T$_{75%}$ were 4.60 and 2.50min, respectively for SF and SFA granules. Incorporation of 0.1% P-80 in SF granule ratarded the dissolution of SF as compared with control, but addition of 0.1% P-80 to SFA granule improved the dissolution of SFA in comparison with control. In SF and SFA granules formulated with either starch or PVP, the release of the drug was increased as compared with control. In SF granule, the dissolution of the drug was further reduced by the inclusion of P-80 in the granule containing starch or PVP. Incorporation of P-80 in SFA granule with starch or PVP affected little on the dissolution of the drug. Addition of a nonswelling excipient, MCC decreased the dissolution rate of SF and SFA granules. as compared with each control. The presence of P-80 in these granules made the dissolution rate slower in comparison with the granules containing only MCC.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1973

It has been reported that vasopressin disperse the melanophore granule of frog skin. The author used hypophysectomized and adrenergic receptor blockaded animals in order to define the mechanism of vasopressin on the melanopore pigment of frog skin. The Rana niglomaculata which could be found in the Seoul area were used on this experiment. The amount of the following drugs were injected into the lymphatic sac of the frog; vaospressin $(0.05\;{\mu}g/g\;B.W.)$, dibenzylin $(0.05\;{\mu}g/g\;B.W.)$, and propranolol $(0.01\;{\mu}g/g\;B.W.)$. The following results were observed; 1. Vasopressin dispersed the melanin granules of melanocyte of frog skin. 2. The melanin granule dispersion activity of vasopressin was observed on the hypophysectomized frog. 3. The melanin granule dispersion was observed on the adrenergic receptor blockaded frog with dibenzylin or propranolol respectively, especially the later one was found to be more obvious. 4. The melanin granule dispersion was observed on the frog which was injected with vasopressin after alpha-receptor or beta-receptor blockade and the later one was found to be more obvious. 5. The melanin granule dispersion was more effective with the blockade of beta-receptor after the treatment with vasopressin on hypophysectomized frog.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.107-123
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• 1993

The ultrastructural changes of the cardiac ganglion and granule-containing cells in the heart of vacor-induced diabetic Mongolian gerbils were studied by electron microscopy. After one month of vacor-induced diabetes the ganglion cells showed increase in numbers of dense bodies and mitochondria compared with the normal cardiac ganglion. Most of the satellite cells were filled with numerous phagosomes containing digested debris. Both electron-dense and lucent types of degenerating axon terminals were observed. The former was characterized by clusters of agranular vesicles and numerous mitochondria. The electron lucent type of degenerating axon terminal contained a few agranular vesicles and swollen mitochondria. Degenerating unmyelinated and myelinated axons contained large numbers of dense bodies, lamellar bodies, and mitochondria. Numerous macrophages containing phagosomes were reveled in the interstitial spaces. Some of the granule-containing cells in the heart showed a variety of degenerative changes and a decreased number of dense-cored vesicles. After three months of vacor-induced diabetes the unmyelinated and myelinated axons showed degenerative changes, whereas no structure changes could be demonstrated in intraatrial ganglion and granule containing cells. The satellite cells containing engulfed debris were observed in the cardiac ganglion cells. These results suggest that the degenerative changes occur in the cardiac ganglion cells of vacor-induced diabetic Mongolian gerbils as well as atrial granule-containing cells.