• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.459-475
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• 2004

The geology of the Kualakulun area in Middle Kalimantan, Indonesia comprises Permian to Carboniferous Pinoh Metamorphic Rocks and Cretaceous Sepauk Plutonics of the Sunda Shield, late Eocene Tanjung Formation, Oligocene Malasan Volcanics, Oligocene to early Miocene Sintang Intrusives and Quaternary alluvium. Sepauk Plutonic rocks are classified as the calc-alkaline series and the S-type granite. Sintang Intrusive rocks are basic-intermediate and intermediate rocks, and consists of basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite. The Malasan Volcanics are characterized by intermediate dacitic pyroclasticl and minor lavas and belong to the subalkaline (calc-alkaline and tholeiitic) series. The whole-rock K-Ar ages of the fine-grained biotite granites and medium-grained granitoids were determined to be 100.5-106.5 Ma and 91.9-102.6 Ma, respectively. The whole-rock K-Ar age of the diorite is 89.1 Ma. K-Ar ages of the Malasan Volcanics and Shintang intrusives show 31.5-36.8 Ma and 24.6-34.5 Ma, respectively, and correspond to the Tertiary time.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4 s.42
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• pp.237-250
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• 2005

In order to clarify the effect of standard rock material in the chemical analysis of rare earth element abundance with ICP-MS, we measured rare earth element abundance of KIGAM granite standard rock material (KG-1), USGS granite standard rock material (G-2), GSJ granite standard rock materials (JG-1a and JG-2). In REE analysis, we used conventional calibration standard solutions, KG-1, JG-1a, JG-2 and G-2 as standard material, respectively. Chondrite-normalized LREE patterns of low granite standard material correspond well each other in the recommended value and the estimated value regardless of a kind of standard rock. However, the HREE patterns of the estimated value based on G-2 or JG-2 and the recommended value are different from each other. Such difference may be due to the wrong recommended value or a specific geochemical properly of the standard rock material itself, The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of four standard rock materials estimated on the basis of KG-1 or JG-1 a show little deviation compared to the those of the recommended values. This suggests that KG-1 and JG-1a may be a optimum standard material for granitoids.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1 s.51
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• pp.35-46
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• 2007

Shinyemi skarn deposits occur as Fe-Mo skarn type and Pb-Zn-Cu hydrothermal replacement type along the contact between Cretaceous Shinyemi granitoids and Cambro-Ordovician mixed limestone and dolostone sequence of the Choseon Supergroup. In the lower part of Western Shinyemi ore body two stages of skarn formation have been observed: the early, stage I (magnesian) skarn with Fe mineralization and the late, stage II(calcic) skarn with Mo mineralization. The stage I skarn spatially is overprinted by stage II skarn. The stage I skarn is predominantly composed of olivine, magnetite and diopside whereas, the stage II skarn is dominated by hedenbergite and garnet. The skarnification process occurred in two stages, both prograde and retrograde for stage I and stage II skarns. In stage I, the prograde skarns, mainly composed of anhydrous silicate minerals, were formed at relatively higher temperatures (about $400\;to\;550^{\circ}C$) under low $CO_{2}$ fugacity ($X_{CO2}<0.1$) conditions. On the other hand, the retrograde skarns that consisted of hydrous minerals were formed at lower temperatures (about $300\;to\;400^{\circ}C$).

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2005

The granitoids in the Mt. Geumjeong, Busan can be divided into granodiorite, hornblende granite, adamellite, tonalite, biotite granite and micrographic granite. The geochemical characteristics of the Mt. Geumjeong granites indicate that they were crystallized from a calc-alkaline series and that they belong to Ⅰ-type granitic rocks which evolved from granodioritic magma into hornblende granite, adamellite, biotitie granite, and finally micrographic granite through fractional crystallization of plagioclase. The crystallization pressures and temperatures of the minimum melt compositions of the granitic rocks were estimated to about 1∼5 kbar and 720∼700℃. The trace element composition and REE patterns, characterized by a high LILE/HFSE ratio and enrichments in LREE, indicate typical continental margin arc calc-alkaline rocks produced in the subduction environment. The Rb-Sr isotopic data for the Mt. Geumjeong granites define a well-defined isochron yielding as age of 69.6±1.9 Ma with an initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.70503.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.337-349
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• 2014

We measured rare earth element and Zr concentrations of USGS granite standard material GSP-2 and GSJ granite standard material JG-1a to clarify the effect of zircon during rare earth element analysis using ICP-MS. We also measured rare-earth element and zirconium (Zr) contents of zircon from granite by acid-digestion methods using conventional teflon vial and pressure-bomb. The results show that acid-digestion using teflon vial dissolved ca. 50% of zircon compared to pressure-bomb method. The Zr contents of JG-1a and GSP-2 gave ca 50% of reference value. However, rare-earth element abundance of JG-1a and GSP-2 were similar to those of reference values. This suggests that the decomposition degree of zircon might give a negligible effect on a petrological and geochemical interpretation using chondritenormalized REE pattern.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.19
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• pp.19-40
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• 2018

Most stone monuments in Korea are made from the granitoids found extensively throughout the nation. To identify the provenance of the stone materials, this study carried out comprehensive analyses of the occurrence, physical properties, mineralogy, and chemical composition of Stupa for National Preceptor Wongong at Geodonsa Temple and Five-story Pagoda at Cheonsusa Temple, both located in the Gangwon region. Their features were compared with those of granite from Wonju City near the sites of the two monuments. Stupa for National Preceptor Wongong is composed purely of two-mica granite, whereas Five-story Pagoda was made from both two-mica and biotite granites. The occurrence and magnetic susceptibility of the two granite monuments generally coincide with those of granite from Wonju. When selecting materials for the restoration of stone monuments, it is deemed necessary to carry out a field survey on granite in areas adjacent to the locations of the stone monuments subject to restoration.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3 s.45
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• pp.165-181
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• 2005

The granitic rocks distributed in the southern part of the Yangsan Fault are classified into five distinct rock facies based on the field relation, petrography and geochemical characteristics. These five different rock facies can be grouped into two considering their origins. Group I, which reveals various evidences of magma mixing, includes three rock facies of granodiorite, enclave-rich porphyritic granite, and enclave-poor porphyritic granite. Group H intruding Croup I includes equigranular granite and micrographic granite with no evidence of magma mixing. It is suggested that the distinctively different trace element and isotopic chemistries between group I and II, support evolution from the different parental magma. It is suggested that the three rock facies in group I were generated by different degrees of magma mixing in addition to fractionation of plagioclase. MMEs experienced fractionation of biotite. The two facies in group H seem to have been generated from different parent magma from group I and evolved by fractionation of K-feldspar. The Rb-Sr whole-rock ages of the group I rocks yield $59.2\~58.9Ma$, and those of the group II rocks give 53. $3\~51.7Ma$, regardless of their distribution whether they occur in the eastern or western parts of the Yangsan Fault. Based on Sm-Nd isotope compositions, depleted mantle model ages $(T_2DM)$ of the group I range $0.8\~0.9Ga$, while those of the group II$0.6\~0.7Ga$.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2017

The geochemical results of the Chunyang granites located in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif, indicate that these rocks have characteristics of calc-alkaline series in the sub-alkaline field, I-type and peraluminous. Most of the geochemical features in major and trace elements show systematic trends, which are similar to differentiation trends of the general Jurassic granitoids in South Korea. The Chunyang granite is largely enriched in mobile LILE (Sr, K, Rb and Ba) relatively immobile HFSE. They show LREE enriched patterns [$(La/Lu)_{CN}=41.8-73.2$] with a slightly negative Eu anomaly [$(Eu/Eu^*)_{CN}=0.89-1.10$]. There are no meaningful correlations in major and trace elements between the Chunyang granites and the Buseok plutonic rock which is the main unit of the Yeongju batholith. This result may suggest that these two plutonic rocks be not derived from the same parent magma. Tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate that the Chunyang granite was formed in volcanic arc environments. These geochemical characteristics results suggest that the Chunyang granite must have been generated at the active continental margin during the subduction of the Jurassic proto-Pacific plate.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 1998

The granites in the Jeomchon area can be divided into hornblende biotite granite (Hbgr), deformed biotite granite (Dbgr), deformed pinkish biotite granite(Dpbgr), biotite granite (Btgr), and granite porphyry(Gp). These granites show metaluminous, 1-type and calc-alkaine characteristics from their whole-rock chemistry. Hbgr and Dbgr belong to ilmenite-series granitoids, but Gp to magnetite-series. Dpbgr and Btgr show the intermediate nature between ilmenite- and magnetite-series. Tectonic discriminations indicate that Hbgr and Dbgr were formed in active continental margin environment, whereas Dpbgr, Btgr, and Gp in post-orogenic and/or anorogenic rift-related environment. From the Harker diagrams major oxide contents of Hbgr and Dbgr show a continuous variation with $SiO_2$, indicating that they are genetically correlated with each other. On the other hand, any correlation of major oxides variation cannot be recognized among Dpbgr, Btgr and Gp. It seems like that Hbgr and Dbgr were derived from a same parent granitic magma, judging from their occurrence of outcrop, mineral composition as well as whole-rock chemistry. Variation trends of major oxide contents between Hbgr and Baegnok granodiorite are very similar and continuous. If the two granites were derived from a cogenetic magma, there exists a possibility that the granitic bodies had been separated by Btgr and Gp of Cretaceous age. Three stages of the granitic intrusions are understood in the Jeomchon area. After the intrusion of Hbgr and Dbgr during middle to late Paleozoic time, Dpbgr emplaced into the area next, and finally Btgr and Gp intruded during Cretaceous time. Tectonic movement accompanying shear and/or thrust deformation seems likely to have occurred bewteen the intrusions of Dpbgr and Btgr.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-135
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• 2013

Orbicular granite gneisses occur as a xenolith within two-mica leucogranites, together with early Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary xenoliths, in Wangjeong-ri, Muju area. The whole-rock chemistries and SHRIMP zircon Pb/U ages of the leucogranites indicate that they are S-type granitoids formed in the continental tectonic setting at $1875{\pm}75$ Ma. The SHRIMP age of monazites from the orbicular granite gneiss gives $1867{\pm}4$ Ma as a metamorphic age which is similar to the intrusion age of the two-mica leucogranite within the error range. The similar ages between zircons and monazites represent that the orbicular granite gneisses formed by metamorphism during the intrusion of the two-mica leucogranite; the metasedimetary xenoliths which sank within the parent magma of leucogranites were metamorphosed into orbicular granite gneisses by thermal metamorphism ($650-740^{\circ}C$, 4-6.5 kbar) due to the heat supplied from surrounding magma. During the thermal metamorphism, the core of orbicular granite gneiss mainly consisting of cordierite formed, and in some orbicular granitic gneisses, the leucocratic melt formed by melting of quartz and plagioclase in the core, squeezed out from core and crystallized around the core forming outer rim. The hydrothermal fluid at the late stage of magma differentiation penetrated into the orbicular granite gneisses resulting pinitization of cordierite into chlorite and sericite. As Muju orbicula granite gneiss was formed from sedimentary rocks, it is more appropriate to be called Muju orbicula granitic gneiss.