• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.152-157
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• 2004

Physicochemical characteristics of rice milled by newly designed abrasive milling machine were studied. Crude protein and crude lipid contents were 7.81∼8.50% and 1.07∼0.95%, respectively, and they showed a tendency to decrease with milling times. However, they showed higher values than that of polished rice. Major fatty acids of crude lipid were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Whiteness of tested samples was higher than brown rice but lower than polished rice. The remain rate of rice germ of four pass-through and polished one time sample (FPS) was 39.33%, and it was higher than that of polished rice (4.00%). One thousand grain weight of samples over than three pass-through was significantly different from brown rice (p<0.05). FPS had smooth surface similar to polished rice and it showed some residual rice germ by scanning electron microscopy. Sensory evaluation showed that the taste of three pass-through rice, four pass-through rice, and FPS was not significantly different from polished rice, whereas their color, odor, texture, and overall acceptability had lower score than polished rice but higher than brown rice. Therefore, we estimate that rice ground over three pass-through by newly designed abrasive milling machine might be a good source having nutritive value.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

Changes in protein distributiun, eletrophoretic patterns and amino acid composition were investigated during germination of malting barley. Fractionation of the protein complex in ungerminated malting barley resulted in a higher hordein fraction but less glutelin fraction of the protein complex in ungerminated malting barley resulted in a higher hordein fraction but less glutelin fraction as compared to germinated malting barley. As germination proceeded, NPN, globulin and glutelin fractions continued to increase, accmpanied by decreases in albumin and hordein fractions. The electrophoretic pattern of malting barley proteins showed three bands (molecular weight range of $15,000{\sim}41,000$ daltons) in albumin fraction, five bands ($19,000{\sim}61,000$ daltons) in globulin fraction, five bands ($18,000{\sim}56,000$ daltons) in hordein fraction and tour bands ($20,000{\sim}47,000$ daltons) in glutelin fraction, exhibiting quantitative changes in each fraction during germination. Amino acid analysis showed that glutamic acid, histidine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, valine, alanine and leucine were major amino acids of proteins in malting barley grains. Glutamic acid increased slightly, but other amino acids showed no definite trend as germination proceeded.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate anthocyanine contents, effective components and major botanical characteristics of the new developed colored rices. Characteristics of colored rice lines showed variation in culm length and spikelets per panicle in CNU39, panicle length in CNU43, 1,000 grain weight in CNU90, and yield per plant in CNU119 were highly compared to the Check, Heugjinjubyeo. Relative optical density(ROD) of Heugjinjubyeo was the highest at 530 nm, followed by CNU71, CNU73 and CNU119. The high peaks of ROD of Heugjinjubyeo and CNU71 appeared at 280 nm and 530 nm, and that of CNU43 appeared at 430 nm. The relative anthocyanin contents (RAC) per plant of the CU 71 among the new developed rice compared by yield per unit area was very high, fellowed by CNU73 and Heugjinjubyo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2017

To avoid drought stress under rainfed upland conditions, it is important for rice to efficiently utilize water at shallow soil layers supplied by rainfall, and access to water retained in deer soil layers. The root developmental characteristics of rice, which play important role in the adaptability to drought conditions, vary depending on the variety. Moreover, water availability for plant differs depending on the soil types that have different physical properties such as water holding capacity, permeability, capillary force, penetration resistance, etc. In this study, we evaluated growth and yield responses of rice varieties to various soil water deficit conditions under three different soil types. The experiment was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Mwea from October 2016 to January 2017. Two upland varieties (NERICA 1 and 4) and one lowland variety (Komboka) were grown in handmade PVC pots (15.2 cm diameter and 85.0 cm height) filled with three different types of soil collected from major rice-growing areas of the country, namely black cotton (BC), red clay (RC), and sandy clay (SC). Three watering methods, 1) supplying water only from the soil surface (W1), 2) supplying water only from the bottom of the pots (W2), and 3) supplying water both from the soil surface and the bottom of pots (W3), were imposed from 40 days after sowing to maturity. Soil water content (SWC) at 20, 40, and 60 cm depths was measured regularly. At the harvesting stage, aboveground and root samples were collected to determine total dry weight (TDW), grain yield, and root length at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm soil layers. Irrespective of the watering methods, the greatest root development was obtained in RC, while that in BC was less than other two soils. In BC, the degree of yield reduction under W1 was less than that in RC and SC, which could be attributed to the higher water holding capacity of BC. In RC, the growth and yield reduction observed in all varieties under W1 was attributed to the severe drought stress. On the other hand, under W2, SWC at the shallow soil depth in RC was maintained because of its higher capillary force compared with BC and SC. As the result, growths and yields in RC were not suppressed under W2. In SC, deep root development was not promoted by W2 irrespective of the varieties, which resulted in significant yield losses. Under W1, the rice growth and yield in SC was decreased although shallow root development was enhanced, and the stomatal conductance was maintained higher than RC. It was suspected that W1 caused nutrients leaching in SC because of its higher permeability. Under rainfed conditions, growth and yield of rice can be strongly affected by soil types because dynamics of soil water conditions change according to soil physical properties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.237-237
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• 2017

Rice is highly sensitive to salt stress especially in its early growth stage, which thus is one of the major constraints in rice production. In rice plants, salt sensitivity is associated with the accumulation of $Na^+$ in the shoots, especially in the photosynthetic tissues. High salt concentrations in soil cause high $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ transport to the shoot and preferential accumulation of those ions in older leaves, which decreases $K^+$ in the shoot, photosynthetic activity and grain yield. Salt exclusion capacity at the leaf sheath is therefore considered to be one of the main mechanisms of salt tolerance. In addition, it is suspected that the lamina joint might be involved in the salt transport from leaf sheath to leaf blade. This research aims to determine if leaf sheaths of rice exclude a large amount of $Na^+$ only or other ions such as $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ as well, to identify tissues in the leaf sheath, which accumulate $Na^+$, and to examine if the lamina joint is involved in the salt exclusion by the leaf sheath. The rice seedlings of salt tolerant genotype FL478 and salt sensitive genotype IR29 were independently treated with NaCl, KCl, $MgCl_2$ and $CaCl_2$, and Taichung 65 and its near-isogenic liguleless line (T65lg) were treated with NaCl. Then, the content of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ ions and their specific location were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Ion Chromatograph, and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Results showed that leaf sheaths of FL478 and IR29 accumulated a large amount of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ ons, and thus excluded them from leaf blades when treated with high concentration of each salt. When treated with NaCl, the highest $Na^+$ concentration was found in the basal part of leaf sheaths of both cultivars. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the central parenchyma cells of the leaf sheath were the site where most Na, Cl, and K were retained under salinity in the salt tolerant genotype FL478. Also, the concentration of $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions in leaf sheaths and leaf blades was comparable between T65 and T65lg, indicating that the lamina joint may not be involved in the exclusion of $Na^+$, $Cl^-$ and $K^+$ by the leaf sheath from the leaf blade under salinity. Therefore, we conclude that the central parenchyma cells of basal part of leaf sheath are the site that plays a physiological role to exclude $Na^+$ in the shoots of rice without the involvement of the lamina joint.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.348-351
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• 2013

Weedy rice is one of the major problems in direct-seeded rice field, resulting in poor rice quality and low grain yield. This study was carried out to evaluate the conversion effect to machine transplanting after wet-direct- seeding for 3 years on weedy rice occurrence, in comparison of repeated wet-direct-seeding. Occurrence of weedy rice in the continuous wet-hill-seeded and broadcasted field for 3 years increased 4 folds, when compared with that in machine transplanted rice paddy. In the first year of wet-direct-seeded field converted from machine transplanting, weedy rice occurrence did not increase, demonstrating lesser weedy rice in wet-hill-seeded than broadcasted field. These results indicate that alternate cultivation of wet-hill-seeding and machine transplanting is more effective to prevent weedy rice occurrence than the repeated wet-direct-seeding method for 3 years.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.246-258
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• 1988

Semi-quantitative analysis of $less-than-2{\mu}m$ clay minerals in thirty-nine superficial sediments from the Chinju Bay, southern coast of Korea, was made to reveal the distribution, provenance and dispersal pattern of fine-grained sediments. Additional nine samples were also taken from the Choryang Cheon (a river draining the kaolin-rich Hadong area) to investigate the influence of river a discharge. Grain size analysis for the Chinju Bay sediment samples was performed simultaneously as an aid to understand the sediment types and depositional environments. Except for the northeastern part, clayey mud predominates the entire bay. Average relative abundance of the four major clay minerals, I. I., illite, kaolinite, chlorite and smectite, is $55.1\%,\;23\%,\;21.5\%\;and\;0.4\%$, respectively. Although illite dominant clay mineral, the average content is about $10\~20\%$ tourer than that of the nearby continental shelf area. On the contrary, kaolinite content in the bay is about $10\%$ higher than that of the shelf area. Recent clay minerals of the Chinju Bay are mainly derived from the nearby inland area through numerous rivers and streams. Transport from shelf area, however. also seems to be important.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1683-1689
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• 2001

The levels of urea nitrogen both in blood (BUN) and milk (MUN), and milk protein (MP) reflect protein and energy intake in dairy herd feeding. Blood and milk constituents may be changes rhythmically and influence by different sampling time within a day and after feeding. Trials were conducted using five dietary treatments in both lactating and dry cows to study the effects of sampling time on concentrations of BUN, MUN and whole blood ammonia nitrogen (BAN) in practical dairy cow feeding in Taiwan. The conventional feed ingredients and forages including corn silage, alfalfa hay, timothy or pangola hay and corn grain were used as major source of the diet to follow practical dairy cow feeding. Five different diets were varying in amounts (low=L; standard=S; high=H) of crude protein (P) and energy (E) according to the NRC (1989). The energy to protein ratios in kcal/kg for the PSES, PLES, PHES, PSEH and PSEL were 10.82, 12.54, 9.41, 12.53 and 9.13 in lactating cows, and 11.38, 13.33, 9.78, 13.28 and 9.74 in dry cows, respectively. Results showed that after feeding at 9:30, BUN reached peak at 13:30 and was significantly higher than those to that sampled at 14:30 to 18:30 (p<0.05) in dry cows. Therefore the best blood sampling time for urea nitrogen assay in dry cows is 4 hours after morning feeding. In lactating cows, BUN of 13:30 was significantly higher than those of 8:30 to 11:30 (p<0.05), but there were no significant difference between the BUN values of other sampling time. Hence the suitable blood sampling time for BUN value in lactating cows was located on 3 to 8 hours after morning feeding, but the best time was 4 hours after morning feeding. MUN content is significantly higher in the afternoon collected bulk milk than the fore-strip morning milk (p<0.05), therefore the best sampling time for MUN is from afternoon collected bulk milk. Diurnal BAN changed without traceable rhythmic pattern and was negatively correlated to the BUN (r = -0.78). It is suggested that BAN may not be a good indicator for monitoring dairy cow feeding.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2004

Macrobenthic fauna were studied on a tidal flat in Garolim Bay in July 2002, in order to understand their spatial distribution with the surface sediment types. Forty-nine stations were set on the tidal flat. A total of 147 species was sampled with the mean density of $1,140ind./m^2$ and the mean biomass of $157.2g/m^2$. The polychaetes were speices- and density-dominant faunal group with 64 species and the mean density of $791ind./m^2$. Mollusks were biomass-dominant faunal group with $132.0g/m^2$. Major dominant species were two polychaetes, Mediomastus californiensis with the mean density of $374ind./m^2$ and Heteromastus filiformis with $224ind./m^2$. Also mollusks such as Umbonium thomasi, Batillaria cumingi and Ruditapes philippinarum was relatively high in the mean density, showing the density of 45, 42, $32ind./m^2$ respectively. Especially, U. thomas was distributed in the mouth of the bay, where sediment grain size is rather coarse, and R. philippinarum at near tidal channel. Based on the cluster analysis, the macrobenthic community on the tidal flat was classified into seven station groups depending on the benthic environmental parameters(sediment types). Compared with other Korean tidal flats, species richness of Garolim tidal flats is more and less low.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-91
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• 1993

A total of 76 surface sediment samples, collected from the Korean west coast and the eastern Yellow Sea areas, were analyzed for their elemental composition in order to understand the geochemical characteristics of these deposits. The analyzed elements included 9 major elements (Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ti, P, Mn), 8 minor elements (Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), organic carbon and calcium carbonate. Contents of most analyzed elements, excluding K and Ba, were generally low compared to those of average crust. Contents of most elements, except K and Ca, also correlated with sediment grain size, though the degree of relationship varied widely from one element to another. For fine-grained sediments, a distinction could be made between those in the central Yellow Sea and those in the Keum Estuary based on their characteristic elemental composition: the former were rich in Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca and V, and the latter in Mn, Co and Ni. The element/aluminium ratios, on the other hand, showed that the central Yellow Sea muds were enriched in Fe, Mg, V, Ni, Cu and Zn and depleted in K, Mn, Ba and Sr relative to the mud located near the Korean Peninsula. Based on the analysis of these results, as well as of the influences of particular mineral phases or pollution effects, we could suggest geochemical criteria which can be used in distinguishing muds from the two different sources, the Keum River and the Yellow River: the former by the higher Mn content and the latter by the higher Mg and V contents, relative to each other.