• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.601-606
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• 2015

Background: Prostate cancer is predominately a disease of older men, with a median age of diagnosis of 68 years and 71% of cancer deaths occurring in those over 75 years of age. While prostate cancer screening is not recommended for men >70 years, fit elderly men with controlled comorbidities may have a relatively long life expectancy. We compare the use of age related PSA with the detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells mCPCs to detect clinically significant PC in this population. Materials and Methods: All men undergoing PC screening with a PSA >4.0ng/ml underwent TRUS 12 core prostate biopsy (PB). Age, PSA, PB results defined as cancer/no-cancer, Gleason, number of positive cores and percentage infiltration were registered. Men had an 8ml blood sample taken for mCPC detection; mononuclear cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and mCPCs were identified using immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA and anti-P504S. A mCPC was defined as a cell expressing PSA and P504S; a positive test as at least one mCPC detected/sample. Diagnostic yields for subgroups were calculated and the number of avoided PBs registered. Esptein criteria were used to define small grade tumours. Results: A total of 610 men underwent PB, 398 of whom were aged <70yrs. Men over 70 yrs had: a higher median PSA, 6.24ng/ml versus 5.59ng/ml (p=0.04); and a higher frequency of cancer detected 90/212 (43%) versus 134/398 (34%) (p=0.032). Some 34/134 cancers in men <70yrs versus 22/90 (24%) of men >70yrs complied with criteria for active surveillance. CPC detection: 154/398 (39%) men <70yrs were CPC (+), specificity for cancer 86%, sensitivity 88%, 14/16 with a false (-) result had a small low grade PC. In men >70 years, 88/212 (42%) were CPC (+); specificity 92%, sensitivity 87%, 10/12 with a false (-) had small low grade tumours. False (+) results were more common in younger men 36/154 versus 10/88 (p<0.02). With a PSA cutoff of 6.5ng/ml, in men <70yrs, 108 PB would be avoided, missing 56 cancers of which 48 were clinically significant. Using CPC detection, 124 biopsies would be avoided, missing only 2 clinically significant cancers. In men >70 yrs using a PSA >6.5ng/ml would have resulted in 108 PB with 34 PC detected, of which 14(41%) were small low grade tumours. Conclusions: The use of CPC detection in the fit elderly significantly decreases the number of PBs without missing clinically significant cancers, indicating superiority to the use of age-related PSA.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.429-449
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate the statistical literacy of pre-service mathematics teachers and to discuss the impact of statistical literacy in lesson plan. For the purpose of this study, we analyzed 13 pre-service mathematics teachers' statistical literacy tests and lesson plans. The results of this analysis are as follows: First, pre-service mathematics teachers did not have a high level of statistical literacy, and it was also observed that there was a big level difference between them. Second, pre-service mathematics teachers' lesson plans showed significant difference in the level of the target grade, the characteristics of the target student, and the contents. Based on this study, we seek to find implications for how it is appropriate to educate teachers in charge of statistical education.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.359-369
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 영어과 다문화교육에 대한 예비초등교사들의 인식과 가치관을 파악함으로써 바람직한 다문화 기반 초등영어교육 방안을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 국립 C교육대학교에 재학 중인 예비교사 63명이 본 연구에 참여하였으며 온라인 설문지를 통하여 연구 문제에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과를 토대로 예비교사들의 다문화교육 기반 영어교육에 대한 인식과 가치관을 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있었다. 첫째, 예비교사들은 초등학생의 전반적인 이해도가 상당히 높았으며, 초등학습자의 학습양식에 대해 잘 이해하고 있었다. 둘째, 초등 예비교사들의 다문화 기반 영어교육에 대한 인식에 따라 개인적 변인(성별, 학년, 전공)에 따른 차이를 알아본 결과, 학년별로는 유의미한 차이가 드러나지 않았으나 성별에 따른 다문화 교육 기반 영어교육의 인식과 가치관에서 남학생이 여학생에 비해 근소하게나마 높게 나타났다. 전공에 따른 인식도에 있어서는 과학과와 체육과 학생들이 각각 평균값 4.13, 4.49로 영어과 학생들(3.87)에 비하여 다문화교육기반 영어교육의 필요성에 대하여 상대적으로 높게 인식하고 있었다. 셋째, 다문화 교육 유무와 개인별 변인(성별, 학년, 전공)의 차이는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 다문화 교육 유무와 성별에서는 비슷한 수치를 나타냄으로써 두 변수 간의 관계는 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 다문화 교육 유무와 학년에 따른 연관성에서는 유의수준이 p<.05보다 작으므로 유의미한 관계가 있었다. 또한 다문화 교육 유무와 전공별 상관관계에서는 유의확률의 값이 .044로 서로 관계가 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.111-130
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• 2001

This study aims to examine the difference between market orientation, organizational service orientation, performances (employee satisfactions and business performances) across the type of hotel grade, and investigate the effect on performances of market orientation, organizational service orientation, and interaction of these two factors. For these purposes the authors developed 13 research proposals. The data for this research which were collected from Korean hotel firms’ managers and employees were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, regression analysis. The findings can be summarized as follows. First, five-star hotels display higher levels of market orientation, organizational service orientation, performance (employee satisfaction, business performance) than four-star and three-star hotels. Second, market orientation, organizational service orientation, and interaction of these two variables have significant effects on performances(employee satisfaction, business performance).

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2004

In general, the patients who transferred to the hospital by 119 rescue service at night go to the emergency room(ER) of general hospital rather than that of their nearby the 1st(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital. And the hospital is mainly selected not by 119 EMST but by patients or his/her conservators. Therefore we had studied retrospectively with emergency situation diary and medical chart for 697 patients of being transferred to one emergency medical center for 6 months since January 2004, and results are as follows. 1. The 280 patients(42.5%) of being transferred hospital at night by 119 rescue service were not emergency case and their average staying time in hospital was about $7.15{\pm}10.06$ minutes. 2. Transfer time was distributed in each time intervals of 1819, 2021, 2223, and 2401 and patients ratio in each intervals were 15.1%, 17.8%, 16.4%, and 15.2%. 3. In response of ambulance, the average time from the spot to the hospital was $14.53{\pm}9.27min$. and average distance of that was $7.95{\pm}9.21km$. 4. Diseases rather than traffic accidents or traumatic injury were main causes of ambulance calling and its value was 533(76.5%), and accidents were mainly occurred in patients' house and its value was 479(68.7%). 5. In time of transfer by 119 rescue service, hospital was mainly selected by patient/conservator and its value was 648(93.0%). In result. the hospital was selected not by EMST but by patient/conservator. 6. The case that the 1st grade EMT was rode in ambulance was 161(23.1%), and the case that 2nd EMT and emergency team member who educated for emergency were rode in ambulance were 504(72.3%). So the number of the 1st grade EMT was short in fire station of Kwangju metropolitan city than other city. 7. The first aids for patients before reaching hospital were limited to oxygen inhalation, airway control, and BLS for maintaining limbs and spine. So it seems to be a simple patients transfer. Consequently, to establish an efficient emergency medical system, it has been thought that it should be advanced a moderate education and public information about the appropriate use of emergency medical system toward citizen, and also need the hospital selection by the patients categorizing standards for 119 rescue service member, securing the 1st grade EMT, appropriate first-aids education, and securing professional human power in emergency room of the Ist(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital at night.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2016

Improving the reproductive traits of Hanwoo might decrease their production cost. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental factors [registration grade (basic, pedigree or advanced), birth year, birth season, parity, delivery year, and delivery season] on various reproductive traits (age at 1st service, age at 1st conception, age for 1st calving, days at 1st service postpartum, non-pregnant condition period, calving interval, gestation length, and number of services for conception) in Hanwoo (primiparous 12,219 heads, multiparous 10,471 heads). All data was acquired from Gyeongnam province areas which were surveyed from 2007 to 2015. All environmental factors significantly influenced (p < 0.01) reproductive traits of primiparous cows but, but not all environmental factors influenced multiparous cows. Primiparous cows registered as advanced grade showed significantly lower age at 1st service (by 15.36 days), age at 1st conception (by 8.66 days), and age for 1st calving (by 8.77 days) (p < 0.01) than those registered as basic grades. Age at 1st service, age at 1st conception and age for 1st calving were not significantly related to birth year in primiparous cows. As delivery years advanced from 2005 to 2012, all durations associated to reproductive traits tended to be shorter. Days at 1st service postpartum, non-pregnant condition period, and calving interval tended to be shortened as parity increased. Days at 1st service postpartum, days open, calving interval, and gestation in multiparous cows calved in winter were shorter than those in summer. The registration grade was not a effected with reproductive traits in Hanwoo.

• 보건의료생명과학 논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2021

본 연구는 예비유아교사의 어린 시절 놀이경험과 놀이성, 그릿 간의 관계를 분석하고 그릿에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 서울과 충남, 전북지역의 전문대학 유아교육과 2, 3학년 총 164명을 대상으로 구글 설문을 활용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS Win 21.0을 이용하여 연구문제에 따라 t 검정과 상관분석, 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 변인별 일반적 경향 및 학년에 따른 차이를 분석한 결과 예비유아교사의 놀이성은 평균보다 약간 높고, 그릿은 평균 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 놀이경험과 놀이성, 그릿 간의 관계를 분석한 결과 각 변인 간에는 일부 유의한 상관이 나타났다. 셋째, 놀이경험과 놀이성이 그릿에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 그릿에 대해 놀이경험은 약 10%, 놀이성은 약 30%의 설명력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 토대로 예비유아교사를 위한 그릿 증진 프로그램 및 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2011

다양한 서비스를 제공하는 통신 기기의 활성화 및 모바일 사업의 급속한 확대로 인해 기존 네트워크 설비의 효율적인 활용 및 운용이 매우 중요시 되고 있다. 이와 함께 개인별 편차가 큰 사용자의 통신 요구 수준에 부합하는 서비스의 제공은 통신 사업자에게 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 것들을 모두 만족시킬 수 있는 최소 연결 비용의 네트워크를 효과적으로 구성하여 네트워크 QoS를 구현하는 SGOSST를 제안한다. 실험에서 제안된 방법으로 생성된 SGOSST QoS 네트워크는, 가중치 반영 최소 신장 트리 방법으로 구현된 QoS 네트워크에 비해 실행시간은 252.97% 증가했으나, 네트워크 구성을 위한 연결 비용은 5.11% 감소하였다. 따라서 제안된 방법은 스마트 및 모바일 기기 등 다양한 서비스 요청 등급의 통신 기기들과 사용자들로 구성된 네트워크에서 효율적인 운용 및 서비스 제공 등에 잘 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to analyze changes in medical utilization and cost before and after long-term care (LTC) implementation. Methods: We used the National Health Information Database from National Health Insurance Service. The participants were selected who had a new LTC grade (grade 1-5) for 2015. Medical utilization was analyzed before and after LTC implementation. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was conducted to evaluate the overall effect of the LTC implementation on medical costs. Results: The total number of participants was 41,726. A major reason for hospitalization in grade 1 was cerebrovascular diseases, and dementia was the top priority in grade 5. The proportion of hospitalization in grade 1 increased sharply before LTC implementation and then decreased. In grade 5, it increased before LTC implementation, but there was no significant difference after LTC implementation. As for medical cost, in grades 1 to 4, the total cost increased sharply before the LTC implementation, but thereafter, changes in level and trend tended to decrease statistically, and for grade 5, immediately after LTC implementation, the level change was decreasing, but thereafter, the trend change was increasing. Conclusion: Long-term care grades showed different medical utilization and cost changes. Long-term care beneficiaries would improve their quality of life by adequately resolving their medical needs by their grades.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제32권12B호
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• pp.728-734
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 최소 구축비용의 물리적 다중 보안 등급 네트워크 설계를 위한 GOSST 휴리스틱 메커니즘을 제안한다. 다중 보안 등급 네트워크상에서 각 노드는 원하는 보안 등급으로 다른 노드와 통신할 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 불법적인 물리적 접근을 통제할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 이러한 네트워크를 최소비용으로 구축하기 위해 GOSST 문제를 적용한다. 이 문제는 NP-Hard 영역이므로 현실적인 해를 얻기 위해서는 적절한 복잡도의 휴리스틱이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 최소 구축비용의 물리적 다중 보안 등급 네트워크의 설계를 위해, 우리의 이전 거리 직접 GOSST 휴리스틱을 변형한 GOSST 휴리스틱 메커니즘을 제안한다. 이것은 실험 비교 대상인 G-MST에 대하여 평균 29.5%의 구축비용 절감을 보였다.