• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to analyze changes in medical utilization and cost before and after long-term care (LTC) implementation. Methods: We used the National Health Information Database from National Health Insurance Service. The participants were selected who had a new LTC grade (grade 1-5) for 2015. Medical utilization was analyzed before and after LTC implementation. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was conducted to evaluate the overall effect of the LTC implementation on medical costs. Results: The total number of participants was 41,726. A major reason for hospitalization in grade 1 was cerebrovascular diseases, and dementia was the top priority in grade 5. The proportion of hospitalization in grade 1 increased sharply before LTC implementation and then decreased. In grade 5, it increased before LTC implementation, but there was no significant difference after LTC implementation. As for medical cost, in grades 1 to 4, the total cost increased sharply before the LTC implementation, but thereafter, changes in level and trend tended to decrease statistically, and for grade 5, immediately after LTC implementation, the level change was decreasing, but thereafter, the trend change was increasing. Conclusion: Long-term care grades showed different medical utilization and cost changes. Long-term care beneficiaries would improve their quality of life by adequately resolving their medical needs by their grades.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2015

The purposes of the study are to investigate the effects on academic of the self-directed learning and in-depth interviewing program in engineering underachieved students. 17 students participated in program and the grade points average(GPA) of participants are less than 2.5. First, we focus on the change of academic achievement after the self-directed learning and in-depth interviewing program. According to results, it is very effective not only in improving academic achievement of the participation subject but also in increasing GPA. Second, the pre-survey and the post-survey were conducted to the participants. We found some facts from the difference between the pre and post surveys. The expectation and satisfaction about learning have improved after self-directed learning, and the participants' recognition showed the meaningful change in important factors about learning.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-266
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• 2014

We evaluated the change of quadriceps angle (QA) after tibial tuberosity transposition. Twenty-nine animals and 37 limbs of the total 62 case possibilities qualified for this study. The preoperative QA was $24.02{\pm}4.02$ in grade 2, $26.08{\pm}5.66$ in grade 3 and $30.25{\pm}7.41$ in grade 4. The postoperative QA was $21.25{\pm}3.24$ in grade 2, $19.16{\pm}3.92$ in grade 3 and $19.72{\pm}7.30$ in grade 4. The postoperative QA for all grades significantly decreased when compared with the preoperative QA (P < 0.05). However, the postoperative QA values were not within the normal range, although the dogs' prognosis remained good during the 4-month follow-up period. These results suggest that postoperative QA outside of the normal range may be allowed clinically.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2008

Purpose: To examine the changes in nurse staffing in hospitals after implementing the policy of differentiating inpatient nursing fees by staffing grades. Method: The study sample included 43 tertiary hospitals, 185 general hospitals, and 282 non-general hospitals that were operating in both 1999 and 2008. Nurse staffing grade was categorized from Grade 1 (highest) to 6 (lowest) in 1999 or Grade 7 in 2008, based on the nurse-to-bed ratio. Results: Tertiary hospitals at Grade 3 and Grade 4 accounted for 49% and 35%, respectively, in 2008, whereas 63% were Grade 6 in 1999. General hospitals at Grade 6 decreased from 87% to 48%. In non-general hospitals, little change was found in the staffing distribution, in that 92% still remained in Grade 6 or 7 in 2008. Forty tertiary hospitals (93%) and 45% of general hospitals improved their staffing grades, while only 7% of non-general hospitals did. Greater likelihood of improvement in staffing grades was found in general hospitals located in metropolitan areas or having 250 or more beds. Conclusion: Elaboration of the financial incentive system is needed to increase the policy impact on staffing improvement.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2024

The performance of a Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SDINS) relies heavily on the accuracy of sensor error calibration. Systematic calibration is usually employed when only a 2-axis turntable is available. For systematic calibration, the body frame is commonly defined with respect to sensor axes for ease of computation. The drawback of this approach is that sensor axes may undergo time-varying deflection under temperature change, causing pseudo gyro bias. The effect of pseudo gyro bias on navigation performance is negligible for low grade navigation systems. However, for higher grade systems undergoing rapid temperature change, the error is no longer negligible. This paper describes in detail conditions leading to the presence of pseudo gyro bias, and proposes two techniques for mitigating the error. Experimental results show that applying these techniques improves navigation performance for precision SDINS, especially under rapid temperature change.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the vascular plants which can be an indicator of environmental change in Seseok of Jirisan National Park. The purpose of this study was to find out the basic information for the subalpine species. This study showed that the area had a total 295 taxa including 63 families, 177 genus, 252 species, 2 subspecies, 36 variants 5 forms and Pte-Q was 1.7. Among them, Korea endemic plants were 15 taxa such as Abies koreana. Rare plants were 14 taxa such as Viola diamantiaca. Naturalized plants consisted of 5 taxa such as Rumex crispus. The floristic regional indicator plants found in surveyed area were 72 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 7 taxa of grade IV and 24 taxa of grade III. In summary, The subalpine plants of the survey region consisted of 37 taxa including Abies koreana and Gymnadenia cucullata. As rare plants distributed in subalpine zone respond sensitively to climate change, accuracy distribution range, environmental characteristics of habitat and population dynamics of rare plants should be evaluated quantitatively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.600-605
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• 2004

The road construction with horizontal expansion of country using and augmentation of traffic demand is advanced actively and it accompanies hereupon, the above of 70% of the country is formed at the mountain in our country where the hazard cut slope has been created. In this study, It is prepared a effective management countermeasure of cut slope introduced priority investigation decision method against hazard cut slope which is influenced by abnormally rainfall by an unusual change in the weather such as a guerilla rainfall character. In meaning link, It was executed collapse cause by failure character analysis in the cut slope which has failed for the last five years and it is prepared the hazard grade criterion from E to A grade according to collapse cause. It is decided that a maintenance management grade by the hazard grade classification criterion of cut slope. So It is possible to hazard cut slope. It is established failure protection counter countermeasure by effective maintenance management through the hazard grade c1assification criterion and it will be able to dispose to advanced nation level like Hong Kong and Japanese.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.465-476
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• 2007

Whether and when naturalistic or supernaturalistic explanations of the origins of sun and earth, humans, life and species change with development was explored in a questionnaire and interviews with 32 first graders and 32 second graders, and in a questionnaire with 34 third graders, 32 sixth graders and 38 eighth graders. Participants were also asked about factors affecting their explanations in the questionnaires. Even the first and second graders could consistently provide supernaturalistic or naturalistic explanations on both the origins of sun and earth, and of humans. There was an age-related developmental shift from supernaturalistic to naturalistic explanation. As for origins of species, most of the first and second graders held the spontaneous generationist explanation, and after the third grade their views divided into evolutionist and creationist explanations. Students' explanations of species origins were established by the sixth grade through a transitional stage in the third grade. At the first and second grade levels, books and the children's own reasoning mainly influenced the views of origins, whereas parents and school were not perceived as being important. For the third graders and higher-grade levels, several factors, including parents and religion, were perceived as being important. These results show that explanations of origins start to develop earlier than or during the first grade, and are established by the sixth grade; moreover, the formation of these views is affected by several factors in addition to development.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition difference and obesity prevalence in grade 5 to 8 by gender. A total of 1,333 students, 707 boys and 631 girls, were recruited from one elementary and one middle school in Seoul, Korea. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, lean body mass, and body fat were assessed. Height and weight were increased by grade, but Body Mass Index (BMI) by grade showed no significant difference among boys. Lean body mass had growth spurt between 7 and 8 grade among boys compared to gradual increase among girls. Overweight and obesity prevalence were higher among elementary schoolers than middle schoolers. Overweight (BMI for age> $85^{th}$ percentile) prevalence was about $44\%$ among $5^{th}$ grade boys compared $29\%$ among same grade girls. These results provided that there were prominent difference regarding body growth and obesity prevalence in gender and grade. Further studies for children and adolescents should be considered their body composition change.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.70-88
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a multiple cognitive conflict strategy at remedying student's misconceptions. Elementary students have many misconceptions about the brightness of the electric bulb in simple dual circuits. Most of the misconceptions can be summed up as 'the more batteries or the fewer bulbs, the brighter is the output.' The students have learned about the brightness of the electric bulb while connected to a battery in Grade 4 and the brightness of multiple electric bulbs in Grade 5. However, about $50%$ of the students remain with the firm misconception that the brightness of the bulb is related to the number of source batteries. This strong misconception may not lead to a conceptual change in the case of only one cognitive conflict. This study used a multiple conflict strategy while tackling the cognitive conflicts in the students as they solved the problems many times. It involved 160 grade 5 students. The result was they often changed their misconceptions and used more scientific thinking than the same grade students of other schools. It remains to be seen if this success will transfer to other schools and students and we intend on studying further the differences in students regarding this learning process.