• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2009

Objectives : In the study on the waveform analysis of radial artery pulse diagnosis, we need to establish fundamentals of contemporary pulse diagnosis research. To achieve certain experimental basis on traditional pulse diagnosis, we have to research the differences of pulse waveform according to pressure (in 5 level) and position (Chon, Gwan, Cheok in radial artery). As a first step, in present thesis, we tried to find the differences of pulse waveform according to pressure. Methods and Results : In this research, we analyzed seven parameters of the waveform at five levels of pressure. The parameters are E(so called 'energy', a representative of pulse strength), h1(height of percussion wave) and h2(height of subincisura). The results were as follows. 1. When we analyzed the change of the waveform according to pressure in the left Gwan, E, hl, h2 and A differed between 1st and 2nd grade, between 1st and 3rd grade, between 1st and 4th grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 2. And t2, t4 differed between 1st and 2nd grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 3. W differed between 1st and 3rd grade, between 1st and 4th grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade, and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 4. And h2/h1 differed between 1st and 4th grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade & between 3rd and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 5. There were differences between 1st and 2nd grade & between 2nd and 5th grade in the case of t4/t2 in 95% confidence interval. And there were differences between 1st and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of W/A in 95% confidence interval. And were differences between 1st and 2nd grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of A/E in 95% confidence interval. Conclusions : As mentioned above, we conclude that the waveform analysis according to five grade pressure in the left Gwan shows the difference of waveform in each grade pressure.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.381-385
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• 2007

Purpose : Traditional herbal medicines may be overused in Korea. Expenditures and inaccuracies of hospital prescription are increasing gradually. So we investigated the frequency and nature of herbal medicine use among elementary school pupils. Methods : We interviewed students of three elementary schools located in Gwangju with survey papers. We analyzed 905 returned surveys. Results : They consisted of 421 males and 484 females. Five hundred ninety (65.2 percent) of pupils who have taken herbal medicines since birth. First grade made up 74.1 percent, 2nd grade 63.0 percent, 3rd grade 64.8 percent, 4th grade 63.3 percent, 5th grade 65.5 percent, and sixth grade 61.9 percent, respectively. The mean frequency of herbal medicine use was 3.2 times. 6th grade was 3.3 times, 5th grade 3.9 times, 4th grade 3.7 times, 3rd grade 2.7 times, 2nd grade 2.7 times, and 1st grade 2.6 times, respectively. The mean cost of herbal medicine use was from 50,00-100,000 won. The mean age of pupils who took their 1st herbal medicine was 55 months, 6th grade 67 months, 5th grade 58 months, 4th grade 54 months, 3rd grade 55 months, 2nd grade 51 months, and 1st grade 47 months. The most common reason of herbal medicine use was "looking weak, without disease." The rate of elementary pupils who had good effects was 63.7 percent; the rate of side effects was 4.5 percent. Conclusions : The rate of elementary pupils who took herbal medicines was high and gradually higher in lower grades. So, clinicians have to cope directly with this situation and to educate parents about herbal medicines.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1991

This is a clinical, retrospective review of 66 cases of the Adenoid cystic carcinoma who were treated at the Department of Surgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju during the past 20 years from January, 1971 to December, 1990. The results were obtained as follows; 1) The most common malignant tumor in the minor salivary gland was adenoid cystic carcinoma and it's incidence was 57.6% (38 cases). 2) The most common site of adenoid cystic carcinoma in the major salivary gland was parotid gland with the incidence of 22.7% (15 cases). 3) The peak age of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma was 5th decade(30.3%) and others' peak age except adenoid cystic carcinoma was 6th decade(35.9%). 4) The duration of symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma patient was less than one year in the minor salivary gland, comprising 21 cases(55.3 %) and more than one year in 18 cases(64.9 %) of the major salivary gland carcinoma. 5) According to histologic grades of 66 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, Grade I was 15 cases and Grade II 19 cases, Grade III 5 cases. Other 27 cases were undetermined. 6) The incidence of cervical lymphnode metastasis of 39 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma classified into histologic grades was 0% in Grade I, 10.5% in Grade II and 20% in Grade III. 7) The incidence of nerve invasion confirmed histologically was 20% in Grade I, 63.2% in Grade II and 100% in Grade III. It was significant(p<0.01). 8) The local recurrence rate was 26.7% in Grade I, 47.4% in Grade II and 60% in Grade III. The lung was the commonest site for distant metastasis comprising 14 cases among 19 cases in which distant spread occurred. 9) 5 year determinate disease-free survival rate according to the histologic grade was 57.1% in Grade I, 27.3% in Grade II and 25.0% in Grade III. 10) The determinate 5-year survial rate of adenoid cystic carcinoma was 71.4% in the only curative surgery group, 70.6% in the combined treatment group of surgery and postoperative irradiation, 66.7% in the combined treatment group of surgery with postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy, and 33.3 % in the non-curative treatment group. 11) The average size of tumor was 3.6cm in Grade I, 4.8cm in Grade II and 4.5cm in Grade III.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.97-116
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• 1984

Volatile aroma components were extracted from Korean burley tobacco (grades: heavy-1, heavy-5, thin-1, and thin-5) by using a vacuum steam distillation apparatus. Individual flavor components were identified by combination of Carbowax20M (used silica capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Out of the identified components, neophytadiene (43.6ppm), megastigna-4,6,8-trien-3-one (4isomers) (3.32-23.5 1ppm), ethanol (1.8ppm), and ethylacetate (4.7ppm) were contained less in burley heavy grade-5 tobacco than in heavy grade 1 ; neophytadiene (43.7pp), megastigma-4,6,8-triers-3-one (4 isomers) (1.09-3.03ppm), ethylacetate (7.9ppm), and ethanol (8.4ppm), were less in burley thin grade 5 tobacco than in thin grade 1 : nicotin (75.79ppm), and solanone (8.5ppm) were less in burley heavy grade 1 tobacco than in burley heavy grade 5: solanone (5.76ppm), geranylacetone (9.02ppm), phenylacetaldehyde (1.12ppm), $\beta$-phenylethylalcohol (1.93ppm), and dihydroactinidiolide (1.39ppm) were less in burley thin grade 1 than in burley thin grade 5. On the other hand, iso-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, dimethylpyrazine, and propionic acid were not identified in Korean burley tobacco, but in American burley tobacco.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.262-267
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• 2012

Objective : We aimed to investigate the correlation between the success of recanalization and a modified version of the Qureshi grading system in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) records of 37 patients who were evaluated by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and a modified version of the Qureshi grading systems as follows : 1) post-IAT Qureshi grade, 2) modified ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade : pre-IAT group grade - post-IAT group grade (grade 1 : Qureshi grades 0-2 and grade 2 : Qureshi grade 3-5) and 3) ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade (post-IAT Qureshi grade - pre-IAT Qureshi grade). Successful recanalization was defined as follows : 1) post-IAT TIMI grades 2 and 3, 2) post-IAT Qureshi grade 0-2, 3) modified ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade=1, and 4) ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade of ${\geq}2$ and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade=0. We investigated the correlation between the post-IAT TIMI grade and the modified Qureshi grade and also compared the various grading systems with modified Rankin Scale scores for evaluating the clinical outcome at 3 months. Results : The post-IAT Qureshi grade and ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade were significantly correlated with the TIMI grade (${\gamma}$=0.976 and, 0.942, respectively). Further, post-IAT Qureshi grade and ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade showed a significantly stronger association with clinical outcome than did the post-IAT TIMI grade (p=0.001 and, 0.000 vs. 0.083, respectively). Conclusion : Our preliminary results suggest that the modified Qureshi grading system is a useful tool for assessing the success of recanalization after IAT.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.309-317
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• 1987

The Purpose of this study was to investigate physical conditions and related factors of 5th grade, in Korea. The number of students surveyed was 10.751 . School health records of 63 grade schools were used. The school health record of 5th grade contains results of physical examination from 1st grade to 5th grade and results of physical fitness assessment for 5th grade. A questionnaire was also administered to the student. 1) The proportion of mother who has a job was 29% of students surveyed. Since some of mothers were working at odd hour, it is hard to take care of student's meal and nutritional intake. The proportion of students who didn't eat breakfast everyday was 5.8% . Students who took medicine for health were 26% of total students surveyed. 2) Male students were taller than female students until 4 th grade. At 5 th grade, the mean height was 137.1cm for male students and 137.6cm for female students . At 5 th grade, the mean weight was 31.5kg for male students and 31.2kg for female students. The 10, 25, 50, 75.90 percentile of the total distribution was examined . By rising in grade, the height velocity was decreased for male student and increased for female students . The weight velocity was increased sharply for male and female students and the increasing velocity was larger in female than male students. Using heights and weights from 1st grade, BMI, RI, and RW were calculated. 3) The proportion of students who drank milk everyday was 49%, The \intake frequency of cookies, eggs, ice cream, chocolate were higher than the intake freguency of cheese, ham and soy bean milk

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.17
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• pp.105-159
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is (a) to identify physical and content elements of children's books that seem to interest second and fifth graders to read, and (b) to observe how the influence of those elements on children's reading interest shifts as children develop. For the purpose of this study, children's books are classified into two groups: 'books of low preference' and 'books of high preference' as determined by second graders, and fifth graders' library circulation record in the library chosen as the sample for the present study. The physical and content elements of the books belonging to these two groups are analyzed and compared. Main findings and conclusions made in this study are summarised as follows: (1) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, size of types, space between lines, and size of the book. (2) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are the readability level of sentences, and the sex of heroes. (3) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, illustration styles, and size of the book. (4) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are the readability level, the sex of heroes, subject matters, themes and the environmental settings as the background of stories. (5) Reading preference of the pupils at the second and fifth grades are influenced by the quantity of illustration. Second grade pupils prefer reading books which contain a larger quantity of illustrations, whereas 5th grade pupils prefer books which contain less quantity of illustrations. (6) The relationship between second graders' reading preference and the illustration style are rejected at the $10\%$ significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the illustration style. The 5th grade pupils prefer more realistic illustrations, while cartoons and semi-abstract drawings do not appeal to them. (7) The type size, and space between lines which have had great influence on the book preference of 2nd grade pupils influence little on the 5th grade pupils book preference. (8) Second grade pupils prefer the book of a small Size, whereas 5th grade pupils whose reading taste has developed at a primary stage prefer the book of a large size beyond a certain standard. (9) Second grade pupils prefer reading books which can be easily read, whreeas 5th grade pupils prefer reading books containing difficult sentences. (10) Second grade pupils and the 5th grade pupils both prefer books in accordance with the sex of there heroes. (11) Relationship between second graders' reading preference and the subject matters are rejected at the 10% significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the subject matter. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books of which the themes are mystery, exploration and adventure. (12) The theme of books is not proved to relate with the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, but it is closely related with the book preference of 5th grade pupils. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books which contain exploratory stories. (13) Second grade pupils are not influenced by the environmental setting of the story, but 5th grade pupils prefer reading stories with the environmental setting in the air. (14) The quantity of illustrations is the element influencing most on .the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, followed by the space between the lines, which influences least on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils. (15) The physical element influencing most on the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils is the quantity of the illustrations. The physical element which has the most strong influence on the book preference of the 5th graders is illustration styles. (16) The content elements which has much influence on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils are certain kinds of characteristics of heroes. In case of the 2nd grade pupils book preference, striking evidence of such characteristics of heroes is not traced.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.356-361
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• 1995

This study was conducted to know the quality of marketed green teas which were devided into high, middle and low grade according to the price. we examined the content of water, ash, total nitrogen, tannin, caffeine, chlorophyll and color value and did sensory evaluation. The results were as follows: 1) The content of water was 2.17-3.67％ and content of ash was 4.50-5.17％, there were no significant difference in each grade. 2) The content of total nitrogen was 4.38％ in high grade, 4.60％ in middle grade and 4.68％ in low grade. 3) The content of tannin was 11.09％ in high grade, 14.22％ in middle grade and 14.44％ in low grade, middle and low grade were significantly higher than high grade. 4) The nitrogen rate to tannin (N/T) was 39.5％ in high grade, 32.6％ in middle grade and 32.70％ in low grade, N/T rate of high grade was significantly highest than others. 5) The content of caffeine is 1.78％ in high grade, 1.32％ in middle grade and 0.92％ in low grade, high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade. 6) The content of total chlorophyll is 297.37 mg％ in high grade, 192.89 mg％ in middle grade and 204.79 mg％ in low grade, chlorophyll a was 69.23 mg％ in high grade, 51.99 mg％ in middle grade and 63.42 mg％ in low grade, and chlorophyll b was 228.47 mg％ in high grade, 131.21 mg％ in middle grade and 141.63 mg％ in low grade. 7) Yellow value of high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade, but blue and red value were no significant diffrence in groups. 8) In sensory evaluation, appearance, taste, odor of high grade were better than others and total score was 15.25 in high grade, 12.97 in middle grade and 9.80 in low grade. 9) Price had a positive correlation with caffeine, appearance and taste, but a negative correlation with tannine. NT rate had a negative correlation with tannine, but a positive correlation with caffeine.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2009

Objective : To investigate the effectiveness of radiographic parameters on segmental instability in the lumbar spine using Kinetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods : Segmental motion, defined as excessive (more than 3 mm) translational motion from flexion to extension, was investigated in 309 subjects (927 segments) using Kinetic MRI. Radiographic parameters which can help indicate segmental instability include disc degeneration (DD), facet joint osteoarthritis (FJO), and ligament flavum hypertrophy (LFH). These three radiographic parameters were simultaneously evaluated, and the combinations corresponding to significant segmental instability at each level were determined. Results : The overall incidence of segmental instability was 10.5% at L3-L4, 16.5% at L4-L5, and 7.3% at L5-S1. DD and LFH at L3-L4 and FJO and LFH at L4-L5 were individually associated with segmental instability (p<0.05). At L4-L5, the following combinations had a higher incidence of segmental instability (p<0.05) when compared to other segments : (1) Grade IV DD with grade 3 FJO, (2) Grade 2 or 3 FJO with the presence of LFH, and (3) Grade IV DD with the presence of LFH. At L5-S1, the group with Grade III disc and Grade 3 FJO had a higher incidence of segmental instability than the group with Grade I or II DD and Grade 1 FJO. Conclusion : This study showed that the presences of either Grade IV DD or grade 3 FJO with LFH at L4-L5 were good indicators for segmental instability. Therefore, using these parameters simultaneously in patients with segmental instability would be useful for determining candidacy for surgical treatment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2024

Purpose: Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies that occur as localized cystic or fusiform dilatations of the biliary tree. Reflux and stasis of pancreatic enzymes in the biliary duct may relate to the development of intestinal metaplasia which might be an important factor related to the carcinogenesis of choledochal cyst, thus the expression of beta-catenin in the metaplastic epithelium might be associated with malignant transformation of choledochal cyst epithelium. Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric center between October 2014 and March 2017. Forty patients were evaluated for epithelial lining, mural ulceration, fibrosis, inflammation, and metaplasia. Results: Out of 40, 12 cases (30.0%) were the infantile age group and 28 cases (70.0%) were in the classic pediatric group. Ulceration was classified as grade 0 (14 cases, 35.0%), grade 1 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 2 (nine cases, 22.5%). Inflammation was classified as grade 0 (2 cases, 5.0%), grade 1 (26 cases, 65.0%), or grade 2 (12 cases, 30.0%). Fibrosis was classified as grade 0 (five cases, 12.5%), grade 1 (11 cases, 27.5%), grade 2 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 3 (seven cases, 17.5%). Metaplasia was noted in five (12.5%) out of 40 cases. All choledochal cysts with metaplasia showed beta-catenin nuclear positivity on immunohistochemistry and were followed up. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of detailed histopathological examination and documentation of metaplastic changes. Metaplasia was associated with beta-catenin nuclear positivity. These findings suggest a potential role for beta-catenin as a marker of metaplastic changes in choledochal cysts.