• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 1996

Glycosylated polyphenol oxidase was purified from potato tuber using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100, and concanavalin A Sepharose column chromatography. Two or three types of polyphenol oxidase were separated on concanavalin A Sepharose. Type I and II polyphenol oxidases did not bind to concanavalin A Sepharose. Type I seemed to be an aggregated form of polyphenol oxidase. Type III polyphenol oxidase, which is presumed to be glycosylated because it was bound to concanavalin A Sepharose and eluted with $\alpha$-D-methyl glucopyranoside, was further purified by chromatography on Econo-Pac Q and Superose 12. Glycosylated polyphenol oxidase was purified 130-fold from the dissolved ammonium sulfate pellet resulting in about $6\;{\mu}g$ of the enzyme from 100 g of potato tuber periderm. The molecular weight of the glycosylated enzyme determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was about 64,000. Optimum temperature and pH of both II and type III potato polyphenol oxidases were $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. Glycosylated form of polyphenol oxidase (type III) preferred catechol to catechin as a substrate, whereas type II enzyme showed the reverse substrate preference.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.648-654
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the depression trends by gender in type2 diabetic patients. Method: One hundred Participants were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Glycosylated hemoglobin was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Fasting plasma glucose and 2 hour post-prandial blood glucose were analyzed by the glucose oxidase method. Results: The Depression score was significantly higher in diabetic women (l0.4) than in male diabetic patients (7.8). In male diabetic patients, depression was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.35, p=0.006). However, there was no correlation between depression and glycosylated hemoglobin in female diabetic patients. Conclusion: These findings indicate that depression score was significantly higher in female diabetic patients and the depression was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin in male diabetic patients.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of self-care behavior, empowerment, and social support on glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The data were collected during the period of July 1 to July 31, 2016. In total, 172 participants were recruited from outpatients who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at a health care center, a health promotion center at National Health Insurance Corporation, and a tertiary hospital. Statistical data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 using frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The study results showed that self-care behavior (${\beta}=-.34$, p<.001), empowerment (${\beta}=-.34$, p<.001), and social support (${\beta}=-.20$, p=.018) were found to be influential factors affecting glycosylated hemoglobin, with an overall descriptive power of 69%. Conclusion: Self-care behavior, empowerment, and social support are considered to be important factors in blood glucose management for the patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, self-caring blood glucose programs and internal synchronizing education through social support and empowerment need to be improved.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 2009

Background: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 protein (Tim-3) expressed on terminally differentiated Th1 cells plays a suppressive role in Th1-mediated immune responses. Recently, it has been shown that N-glycosylation affects the binding activity of the Tim-3-Ig fusion protein to its ligand, galectin-9, but the binding properties of non-glycosylated Tim-3 on $CD4^+CD25^+$T cells has not been fully examined. In this study, we produced recombinant Tim-3-Ig fusion proteins in different cellular sources and its N-glycosylation mutant forms to evaluate their binding activities to $CD4^+CD25^+$T cells. Methods: We isolated and cloned Tim-3 cDNA from BALB/C mouse splenocytes. Then, we constructed a mammalian expression vector and a prokaryotic expression vector for the Tim-3-Ig fusion protein. Using a site directed mutagenesis method, plasmid vectors for Tim-3-Ig N-glycosylation mutant expression were produced. The recombinant protein was purified by protein A sepharose column chromatography. The binding activity of Tim-3-Ig fusion protein to $CD4^+CD25^+$T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: We found that the nonglycosylated Tim-3-Ig fusion proteins expressed in bacteria bound to $CD4^+CD25^+$T cells similarly to the glycosylated Tim-3-Ig protein produced in CHO cells. Further, three N-glycosylation mutant forms (N53Q, N100Q, N53/100Q) of Tim-3-Ig showed similar binding activities to those of wild type glycosylated Tim-3-Ig. Conclusion: Our results suggest that N-glycosylation of Tim-3 may not affect its binding activity to ligands expressed on $CD4^+CD25^+$T cells.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.331-337
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• 2009

We investigate the correlation between the glycosylation modified prion proteins and apoptosis. The wild-type PRNP gene and four PRNP gene glycosylated mutants were transiently expressed in HeLa cells. The effect of apoptosis induced by PrP mutants was confirmed by MTT assay, Hochest staining, Annexin-V staining and PI staining. ROS test detected ROS generation within the cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by the flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bcl-xL, Bax, cleaved Caspase-9 proteins were analyzed by Western Blot. The results indicated that the expressed non-glycosylated PrP in HeLa cells obviously induced apoptosis, inhibited the growth of cells and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, and more ROS generation and low levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-xL, the activated the cleaved Caspase-9 proteins were found. The apoptosis induced by non-glycosylated PrP demonstrates that its underlying mechanism correlates with the mitochondria-mediated signal transduction pathway.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.613-616
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• 2011

Streptomyces venezuelae YJ028, bearing a deletion of the entire biosynthetic gene cluster encoding the pikromycin polyketide synthases and desosamine biosynthetic enzymes, was used as a bioconversion system for combinatorial biosynthesis of glycosylated derivatives of tylosin. Two engineered deoxysugar biosynthetic pathways for the biosynthesis of TDP-3-O-demethyl-D-chalcose or TDP-L-rhamnose in conjunction with the glycosyltransferaseauxiliary protein pair DesVII/DesVIII were expressed in a S. venezuelae YJ028 mutant strain. Supplementation of each mutant strain capable of producing TDP-3-O-demethyl-D-chalcose or TDP-L-rhamnose with tylosin aglycone tylactone resulted in the production of the 3-O-demethyl-D-chalcose, D-quinovose, or L-rhamnose-glycosylated tylactone.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.496-505
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• 2015

A variant peak was detected in the analysis of RP-HPLC of rHu-EPO, which has about 7% relative content. Fractions of the main and the variant peaks were pooled separately and further analyzed to identify the molecular structure of the variant peak. Total mass analysis for each peak fraction using ESI-TOF MS shows differences in molecular mass. The fraction of the main peak tends to result in higher molecular masses than the fraction of the variant. The detected masses for the variant are about 600-1000 Da smaller than those for the main peak. Peptide mapping analysis for each peak fraction using Asp-N and Glu-C shows differences in O-glycopeptide profiles at Ser126. The O-glycopeptides were not detected in the fraction of the variant. It is concluded that the variant peak is non-O-glycosylated rHu-EPO and the main peak is fully O-glycosylated rHu-EPO at Ser126.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.376-381
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of web-based diabetic education on glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAlc) and self-care in people with type 2 diabetes. Method: Twenty-five patients were requested to input the blood glucose level weekly at http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wired Internet for one year. The researcher sent optimal recommendations weekly to each patient using the short message service for cellular phones and wired Internet. Results: Patients had a significant mean decrease in HbAlc, from 8.0% at pre-test to 6.9%, after three months and rested at 6.8% until 12 months. Patients had a significant mean increase in physical exercise adherence, from 3.3 days at pre-test to 4.1 days per week, after three months. Patients had a significant mean increase in foot care adherence, from 4.8 days at pre-test to 6.9 days per week, after one year. Conclusion: These findings indicate that Internet education could be used to improve HbAlc, physical exercise, and foot care adherence in type 2 diabetic patients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.946-954
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• 2020

Platycodon grandiflorum root (Platycodi radix) saponins, platycosides, have been used as health supplements and food items for the treatment of respiratory disorders and pulmonary diseases. Deglycosylated saponins have been known to exert stronger biological effects than their glycosylated forms. In the present study, glycosylated platycosides in Platycodi radix extract were biotransformed into deglycosylated 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides, including 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin, 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid, and 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platyconic acid, by pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus. This is the first report on the quantitative enzymatic production of 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides. The chemical structures of 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides were identified with LC/MS. Moreover, the biotransformation pathways of the three types of platycosides in Platycodi radix into 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides were established.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1070-1077
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to measure the counseling effects for diabetes mellitus patients. To measure the effects of the nutrition counseling, 40(13 men and 27 women) outpatients with diabetes mellitus were selected and they were randomly assigned to either the counseling group or non counseling group. Twenty-one counseling group patients received nutrition counseling weekly for 6 weeks and 19 patients served as non counseling group(control group) did not received counseling over same study period. The results of this study can be summerized as follows : 1) The food attitude score of the counseling group significantly increased from 61.9$\pm$15.9 prior to counseling to 87.0$\pm$7.8 after counseling (p<0.001). 2) Fasting blood glucose level and postgrandial blood glucose level also showed significant difference between two groups(p<0.01). In the counseling group, the fasting blood glucose level significantly decreased from 163.5$\pm$48.6mg/dl to 142.3$\pm$40.6mg/dl(p<0.01), and the postgrandial blood glucose level significantly decreased from 281.3$\pm$105.1mg/dl(p<0.001). 3) There was a significant difference of glycosylated hemoglobin between the two groups(p<0.005), and the glycosylated hemoglobin level of counseling group significantly decreased from 11.2$\pm$2.9% to 9.7$\pm$3.6%(p<0.005). 4) There was a significant correlation between the food attitude score difference and the glycosylated hemoglobin level difference in counseling group(p<0.05).