• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-160
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of Geupoongjibo-dan Extracts on Reversible Forebrain Ischemia in Mongolian Gerbils. Methods : The change rate of water content in cerebral tissues, the numercal change of the CA1 pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus, the change of delayed neuronal death(necrosis apoptosis) through light microscopy, the reactivity change of glycoprotein in neuronal membrane and the ultrastructural change of pyramidal neuron through electron microscopy caused by dalayed neuronal death were investigated. Results : 1. The change rate of water content in the normal group showed 78.90% on the third day, and 79.12% on the seventh day after an attack of ischemia. The rate in the control group showed 82.25% and 85.13%, respectively. The rate in the sample group showed a significant decrease: 81.72% and 83.66%. 2. Light microscopy revealed that the cells, continuous and systematic forms in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus, changed into discontinuous and unsystematic forms in the normal group when compared with the control group. The cells were less damaged in the sample group. 3. The mean of the numerical change of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus was 104 in the normal group. The mean of the control group was decreased to 27. The mean of the sample group was 44. 4. TUNEL staining examination reveals that the whole part of the hippocampus of the normal group had negative reactivity. As far as CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, the control group had positive reactivity. The sample group was more positive than the control group. 5. Electron microscopy reveals that the ischemic injury of the control group had both necrotic and apoptotic morphology. The sample group was less necrotic, and more apoptotic morphology than the control group. 6. Lectin histochemisrical examination reveals that the normal group had positive reactivity to PNA and SBA in interneuron, and weak positive reactivity to WGA Con A LCA in intercelluar space. The reactivity to PNA and WGA decreased in the control group. The reactivity to PNA and WGA tended to increase in the sample group. Conclusions : The data shows that the effect of Geupoongjibo-dan Extracts on Reversible Forebrain Ischemia in MG is a significant result.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4038-4045
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• 2011

To investigate whitening Effects of Angelica dahurica Radix Ethanol Extract (ADEE), we used melan-a cell line, brown guinea pig, and HMB-45. We treated with ADEE of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration in order to evaluate the effect of ADEE on cell viability and on morphological observation of melan-a cells. Also we were induced the artificial tanning spots by 1,500 mJ/$cm^2$ of ultraviolet B radiation on the backs of brown guinea pigs (approximately 450~500g) and then the test agent of $30{\mu}{\ell}$ was applied on the spots twice a day, five days a week, for five weeks respectively. The visible whitening effect was evaluated once a week. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under anesthetization. The artificial tanning spots were obtained by biopsy punch and stained with HMB-45 to observe the gp100 proteins which were melanosomes. Our results show that cell viability was not reduce at ADEE concentrations between 6.25 and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$, melanin synthesis and melanocyte dendricity were decreased in ADEE treated melan-a cells increasing ADEE concentration. In the gross observation, ADEE treated groups had lower pigmentation than the vehicle control groups. And in the histological observation, ADEE treated groups had lower melanocytes than the vehicle control groups. Also in the quantitative analysis of the gp100 proteins using image analysis software, ADEE treated groups had a significantly lower value (p<0.001) than the vehicle control group and this resultsagreed with the results of observation under microscope. From these results, weconcluded that ADEE had positive whitening effect.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 1997

The development of preneoplastic and neoplastic squamous cell proliferations of body sites such as the skin, female lower genital tract, and larynx is strongly associated with specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV). Antitumor $CD^{8+}$ cells recognize peptide antigens presented on the surface of tumor cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The MHC class I molecule is a heterodimer composed of an integral membrane glycoprotein designated the alpha chain and a noncovalently associated, soluble protein called beta-2-microglobulin( $\beta$ -2-m). Loss of $\beta$-2-m generally eliminates antigen recognition by antitumor $CD^{8+}$ T cells. We evaluated the expression of $\beta$-2-m as a potential means of tumor escape from immune recognition and the presence of HPV DNA as a cause of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Laryngeal SCCs (n=39) were analyzed for MHC class I expression by immunohistochemistry and for presence of HPV by in situ hybridization technique. The results were as follows : 1) HPV DNA was detected in 10 (25.64%) out of 39 cases in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. 2) MHC class I down-regulation (heterogenous and negative expression) in HPV positive lesions was higher than HPV negative lesions. 3) The expression of MHC class I was related to cellular differentiation regardless of T-stage and nodal involvement. In conclusion, HPV was thought to be the etiological factor of SCC of larynx, and we found that the down-regulation of MHC class I was a common phenomenon In laryngeal SCC and may provide a way for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.433-441
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• 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear. Methods: Here, we investigated whether Rg3-KRGE may improve the symptoms and pathological features of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein (MOG)_35-55 peptide - induced chronic EAE mice through improving the integrity of the BBB. Results: Rg3-KRGE decreased EAE score and spinal demyelination. Rg3-KRGE inhibited Evan's blue dye leakage in spinal cord, suppressed increases of adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, extracellular matrix proteins fibronection, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, and prevented decreases of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE repressed increases of proinflammatory transcripts cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but enhanced expression levels of anti-inflammatory transcripts arginase-1 and IL-10 in the spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE inhibited the expression of oxidative stress markers (MitoSOX and 4-hydroxynonenal), the enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, and NADPH activity in the spinal cord of chronic EAE mice. Furthermore, apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, mimicked beneficial effects of Rg3-KRGE in chronic EAE mice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Rg3-KRGE might alleviate behavioral symptoms and pathological features of MS by improving BBB integrity through modulation of NOX2/4 expression.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

Objectives : In present study, we investigated a therapeutic effect and optimum dose of Socheongryong-Tang (SCT) on LPS-induced lung inflammation rats model. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats ($260{\pm}10g$) were divided into 12 groups : Group 1 included the normal rats, and Group 2-12 were administrated LPS by intranasal injection to induce experimental lung inflammation. After 1 day of LPS administration, Group 3-9 were treated with SCT ${\times}1/4$, ${\times}1/2$, ${\times}1$, ${\times}3$, ${\times}6$, ${\times}12$ or ${\times}18$, respectively. Group 10-12 (positive control) were treated with dexamethasone 1 mg/kg or acetylcystein 1.5 mg/kg or diclofenac sodium 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. After sacrifice, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was isolated. The levels of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, mucin glycoprotein 5AC (MUG5AC) were measured in BALF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results : LPS injected rats exhibited outstanding lung inflammation manifestations, including increased amount of total cells and neutrophil, and upregulated inflammatory cytokines level in BALF. However, the administration of SCT ${\times}1/4$, ${\times}1/2$ and ${\times}1$ decreased total cells and neutrophil, and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including $IL-1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, and MUG5AC in BALF. Notably, inhibitory effect of SCT ${\times}1/2$ and ${\times}1$ on the level of TNF-${\alpha}$ was markedly better than that of positive controls, dexamethasone and acetylcystein. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that SCT ${\times}1/2$ and ${\times}1$ has therapeutic effects on LPS-induced lung inflammation rats model.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the signal transduction of phosphorylation sites at the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (eLH/CGR). The eLH/CGR has a large extracellular domain of glycoprotein hormone receptors within the G protein-coupled receptors. We constructed a mutant (eLH/CGR-t656) of eLH/CGR, in which the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail was truncated at the Phe656 residue, through polymerase chain reaction. The eLH/CGR-t656 removed 14 potential phosphorylation sites in the intracellular C-terminal region. The plasmids were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and PathHunter Parental cells expressing β-arrestin, and agonist-induced cAMP responsiveness was analyzed. In CHO-K1 cells, those expressing eLH/CGR-t656 were lower than those expressing eLH/CGR wild-type (eLH/CGR-wt). The EC₅₀ of the eLH/CGR-t656 mutant was approximately 72.2% of the expression observed in eLH/CGR-wt. The maximal response in eLH/CGR-t656 also decreased to approximately 43% of that observed in eLH/CGR-wt. However, in PathHunter Parental cells, cAMP activity and maximal response of the eLH/CGR-t656 mutant were approximately 173.5% and 100.8%, respectively, of that of eLH/CGR-wt. These results provide evidence that the signal transduction of C-terminal phosphorylation in eLH/CGR plays a pivotal role in CHO-K1 cells. The cAMP level was recovered in PathHunter Parental cells expressing β-arrestin. We suggest that the signal transduction of the C-terminal region phosphorylation sites is remarkably different depending on the cells expressing β-arrestin in CHO-K1 cells.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.51.1-51.17
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• 2023

Background: To date, various genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have co-circulated and in Korea, GI-15 and GI-19 lineages were prevailing. The spike protein, particularly S1 subunit, is responsible for receptor binding, contains hypervariable regions and is also responsible for the emerging of novel variants. Objective: This study aims to investigate the putative major amino acid substitutions for the variants in GI-19. Methods: The S1 sequence data of IBV isolated from 1986 to 2021 in Korea (n = 188) were analyzed. Sequence alignments were carried out using Multiple alignment using Fast Fourier Transform of Geneious prime. The phylogenetic tree was generated using MEGA-11 (ver. 11.0.10) and Bayesian analysis was performed by BEAST v1.10.4. Selective pressure was analyzed via online server Datamonkey. Highlights and visualization of putative critical amino acid were conducted by using PyMol software (version 2.3). Results: Most (93.5%) belonged to the GI-19 lineage in Korea, and the GI-19 lineage was further divided into seven subgroups: KM91-like (Clade A and B), K40/09-like, QX-like (I-IV). Positive selection was identified at nine and six residues in S1 for KM91-like and QX-like IBVs, respectively. In addition, several positive selection sites of S1-NTD were indicated to have mutations at common locations even when new clades were generated. They were all located on the lateral surface of the quaternary structure of the S1 subunits in close proximity to the receptor-binding motif (RBM), putative RBM motif and neutralizing antigenic sites in S1. Conclusions: Our results suggest RBM surrounding sites in the S1 subunit of IBV are highly susceptible to mutation by selective pressure during evolution.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2023

This study describes the light microscopical cell types and histochemical characteristics as a preliminary study for the research on integument of the walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus in accordance with the physiological and environmental changes. The lateral line of the integument surface showed a curve in the anterior part and was straight from the middle to the posterior part. Integument is composed of outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis is a stratified layer composed of epithelial cells, mucous cells, and club cells. Epithelial cells are classified into squamous superficial cell, cuboidal intermediated cell and columnar basal cell. The thickness of epidermis was 122.9 ㎛, and the ratio of epidermis thickness to body length was 0.03%. The mucous cell and club cell of unicellular gland were mainly distributed in the apical and middle layer of epidermis. The mucous cell contained mucosal materials of acidic glycoprotein. The proportion of mucous cells and club cells were 21.3 (± 7.0)% and 4.0 (± 1.0)% of epidermal area, respectively. The dermis was dense connective tissue layer and composed of mainly collagen fibers. It also contained fibrocytes, blood vessels, melanophores and scales.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.168-174
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• 1997

Alphafetoprotein(AFP) is a glycoprotein synthesized by the fetus early in gestation by the yolk sac and later by the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The concentration of AFP is highest in fetal serum and amniotic fluid around 13th week, and 32nd week in maternal serum. Some conditions are associated with abnormal maternal serum AFP concentration. For examples, neural tube defects, omphalocele, renal anomalies are associated with elevated maternal serum AFP and fetal death, chromosomal trisomies are associated with low level of maternal serum AFP. So maternal serum AFP screening plays a significant role in assessing candidates for prenatal diagnosis and prenatal counselling in pregnant women. This study evaluates the normal ranges of AFP using enzyme immunoassay in normal pregnant women. We studied 500 normal pregnant women who visited the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yeungnam Medical Center, Yeungnam University during the period through January, 1993 to September, 1996. The group of the study were selected randomly at various gestational ages from 8 to 41 weeks. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The lowest level of AFP in our study group was 2.1ng/ml at 8 weeks of gestation. Thereafter serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations rose rapidly to reach a peak value at 32nd week. 2. The mean levels of AFP in the primipara and multipara were $166.37{\pm}12.06ng/ml$, and $223.78{\pm}14.00ng/ml$, respectively, showing stastiscally significant difference between these two groups(p<0.01). 3. The mean levels of AFP between mothers who delivered male and female babies were $192.96{\pm}13.00ng/ml$, and $194.29{\pm}13.84ng/ml$, respectively, without statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 4. The normal ranges of maternal serum AFP according to each gestational week were evaluated.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.349-357
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• 1997

Epidermal growth factor(EGF), a single chain polypeptide of 53 amino acids with a molecular weight of 6,045 Da, was first isolated from the male mouse submandibular glands. EGF stimulates cellular proliferation and differentiation in several tissues and accelerates the rate of wound healing. EGF is bound to the specific receptor(EGFR) on the cell membrane of its target cell. EGFR is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 170,000 Da and is detectable on a large variety of cell types and tissues. The authors investigated the expression of EGFR in the normal and inflamed human gingival epithelium to study the role of EGFR in the inflammation of the gingival epithelium, and the expression of EGFR in the dental follicle by using in situ mRNA hybridization and immunohistochenistry. The results weree as follows : 1. The expression of EGFR mRNA in the normal gingival epithelium on in situ mRNA hybridization was mainly localized on the basal cell layer, and the spinous layer was weakly positive The granular and cornified layers were negative 2. The expression of EGFR protein in the normal gingival epithelium on inmunohistochemistry was localized on the cornified and granular layers, and the spinous layer was weakly positive. The basal cell layer was completely negative 3. The expression of EGFR mRNA in the inflamed gingival epithelium on in situ mRNA hybridization was evenly and homogeneously distributed in the whole layers of the gingival epithelium except the cornified layer. The staining intensity appeared to increase progressively from the basal cell layer to the cornified layer. 4. The expression of EGFR protein in the inflamed gingival epithelium on immunohistochemistry was evenly and homogeneously distributed in the whole layers of the gingival epithelium. The staining intensity appeared to increase progressively from the cornified layer to the basal cell layer. 5. Strong positive reaction was seen in the epithelial cell rests of Malassez, whereas only background staining was seen in other cells of the dental follicle. In conclusion, the up-regulation of EGFR in the inflamed gingival epithelium and the high amounts of EGFR in the epthelial cell rests of Malassez in the dental follicle can be regarded as responses to the possible damages to the oral environment to maintain the homeostatic conditions.