• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1557-1562
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• 2005

A mechanism of hair cell damage caused by noise and ototoxic agents is mediated through generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is known that most of animals have defense systems to protect against ROS, and the cochlea of inner ear in animals also has ROS defense systems including several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH), which efficiently detoxifying ROS generated under normal condition. Steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa have been traditionally used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of auditory disease such as tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss as well as inflammatory diseases, hectic fever, night sweat, and headache. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract from steamed roots of R. giutinosa (ESRG) increased the antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR activities and GSH level in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. This extract itself did not show any significant cytotoxicity up to $50{\mu}g/ml$. Our results further support the view that ESRG is promising sources of potential antioxidants. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the effects of ESRG on the regulation of cellular mechanisms and isolating and identifying the substances responsible for the regulation of antioxidant enzyme system from the plant extracts.

• 한국키틴키토산학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 숙취해소에 좋은 것으로 알려진 식품 소재와 황칠나무 추출물을 복합하여 in vitro 및 in vivo에서 알코올 유도된 간 손상에 대한 보호효과를 검토하였다. HepG2세포에서 300 mM 알코올과 SBJ 혼합물을 처리하였을 때 농도 의존적으로 LDH 수치가 감소하였으나 황칠나무 추출물을 제외한 복합물인 SBJ-복합물에서는 그 효과가 유의적으로 낮아지는 것을 관찰하였다. In vivo에서 SBJ 혼합물의 보호효과를 확인하고자 흰쥐에 알코올과 SBJ 혼합물을 투여한 결과, 알코올 투여 후 1시간까지 급격하게 혈중 알코올 수치가 EtOH군에서 증가하는 것이 관찰되었으며, SBJ 혼합물 투여군은 유의적인 차이로 감소되었음이 관찰되었으며 또한 농도의존적인 경향을 확인하였다. ADH 및 ALDH 활성의 증가는 SBJ 혼합물의 알코올 분해 및 대사산물의 제거 활성에 기여할 것으로 예상된다. 뿐만 아니라, 알코올에 의하여 증가한 LDH의 농도가 대조군과 유사한 수준으로 유지하는 것을 확인하였으며, GST, SOD, GPx 및 reduced glutathione와 같은 항산화 인자 및 효소의 활성은 대조군보다 EtOH군이 유의적으로 감소했으며, SBJ 혼합물에 의해 개선되는 경향을 관찰하였다. 이를 통해 SBJ 혼합물은 ADH, ALDH 활성 증가 및 항산화 방어계를 향상시킴으로써 산화적 스트레스 감소를 통한 간보호 효과가 있는 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 간보호에 미치는 주요한 추출물은 황칠나무 추출물임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 향후 숙취해소 작용을 갖는 신규 식품소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2006

Farnesol in fruits, vegetables, herbs and leaves acts as bioactive component related with prevention of cancer and psychological malaise. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of farnesol on human leukemic cell, HL-60 cells, by MTT assay using 3- (4,5-Oirnethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide. Farnesol (0.1${\sim}$50 ${\mu}$g/ml) exhibited cytotoxicities against HL-60 cells in concentration and culture period dependent manner, In the cytotoxic condition induced by farnesol against HL-60 cells, the generation of reactive oxygen species such as O$_2$ and H$_2$O$_2$ were found to be considerably increased. The most prominent augmentations of O$_2$ and H$_2$O$_2$ were over five folds of controls. In an attempt to explore the response of HL-60 cells to the increased O$_2$ and H$_2$O$_2$, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities of HL-60 cells treated with farnesol were measured. SOD and GPx activities were found to be remarkably elevated by addition of farnesol showing the best results of 273% and 167% of controls, respectively: All data suggest that farnesol may have played as an apoptosis inducer in HL-60 cells via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and HL-60 cells may have failed to overcome the damage of ROS on account of still defcient ROS scavengers including SOD and GPx.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2022

There is a paucity of detailed data related to the effect of senescence on the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox state of senescent human cells. Activities of TCA cycle enzymes, respiratory chain complexes, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anions (SA), lipid peroxides (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with levels of nicotinamide cofactors and ATP content were measured in young and senescent human foreskin fibroblasts. Primary and senescent cultures were biochemically identified by monitoring the augmented cellular activities of key glycolytic enzymes including phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase, and accumulation of H₂O₂, SA, LPO, PCC, and GSSG. Citrate synthase, aconitase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and complex I-III, II-III, and IV activities were significantly diminished in P25 and P35 cells compared to P5 cells. This was accompanied by significant accumulation of mitochondrial H₂O₂, SA, LPO, and PCC, along with increased transcriptional and enzymatic activities of TrxR2, SOD2, GPx1, and GR. Notably, the GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly reduced whereas NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH ratios were significantly elevated. Metabolic exhaustion was also evident in senescent cells underscored by the severely diminished ATP/ADP ratio. Profound oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to senescence pointing at a potential protective role of antioxidants in aging-associated disease.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

The previous study reported the biological effect of magnetic field exerted by acting on endocrine and anti-oxidant system. The present study aims to study whether ELF-MF (extremely low frequency magnetic field) affects the physiological endocrine systems such as thyroid and whether ELF-MF affects the defense system against oxidative stress when it alters the function of thyroid. Finally, we correlate the effects of MF on oxidative stress, and adrenal and thyroid with an environmental stress factor. We exposed sham or MF to rats for 5 or 25 days. After the exposure, we determined pain sensitivity, level of TSH, $T_3$ and free $T_4$ in plasma. We also assayed in whole brain, lipid peroxidation, the activity of enzymatic anti-oxidant defense including superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non enzymatic defense such as reduced or oxidized glutathione contents. MF induced the hypersensitivity to thermal stimuli with the reduction of latency. $T_3$ and $T_4$ levels were also increased by the exposure of MF. In addition, we observed the rise of MDA level in rat brain by MF although the MF did not change superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. The effect of MF on both reduced and oxidized glutathione results in decrease in reduced or oxidized glutathione in whole brain. In every experiment, there was no significant difference in MF influence between short term (5 days) and long term (25 days) exposure. Taken together, MF exposure affects the thyroid hormonal control in brain. The elevated thyroid hormone acts on brain, leading to hyper-utilization of oxygen. This phenomenon may be correlated with oxidative stress resulting from MF exposure. In conclusion, we suggest that MF exposure may be an environmental stress by exerting oxidative stress.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and an ability of a biological system, to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily repair the resulting damage. It has been suggested that developmental alloxan-induced liver damage is mediated through increases in oxidative stress. The anti-diabetic effect and antioxidant activity of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) fractions were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After two weeks administration of PM, the liver antioxidant enzyme and hyperglycemic state were evaluated. The results showed that oral administration of PM treatments reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats by oral administration (P < 0.05). Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvate-transaminase (sGPT) were also diminished by PM supplementation. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) level in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to those in the normal rats but were restored by PM treatments. PM fractions also repressed the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver. Glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and $\gamma$-glutamylcysteine synthase (GCS) were also reduced in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PM fractions could restore the GR and GST activities, but the GCS activity was not affected in rat livers. From the results of the present study, the diabetic effect of the butanol fraction of PM against alloxan-induced diabetic rats was concluded to be mediated either by preventing the decline of hepatic antioxidant status or due to its indirect radical scavenging capacity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.586-592
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effects of Korean soybean paste extracts (SPE) on 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced liver damage in rats. Thirty healthy Sprague Dawley rats were selected and divided into 5 groups. Isoflavone contents were measured using HPLC technique. The antioxidant activity was measured in the plasma and liver of the rats with the following results. Levels of isoflavone in fermented soy paste, red pepper paste and soy sauce were 28.9, 30.3 and $3.4\;{\mu}g/g$ for daidzein and 244.3, 187.7 and $6.1\;{\mu}g/g$ for genistein, respectively. The activities of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were significantly higher in the AAPH-treated group in the SPE-AAPH group (p<0.05). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) production was significantly increased in the AAPH-treated liver tissue (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase in the liver were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by AAPH administration. The glutathione (GSH) concentration was higher in the SPE-treated (Ed- confirm) group than in the control and other groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that SPE led to increased anti oxidative activities against AAPH-induced peroxyl radical.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2011

Procymidone is a fungicide with anti-androgenic properties widely used to protect fruits from fungal infection, which induces an excessive reactive oxygen species production in male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether procymidone affect the cellular antioxidant system of prostate at onset of puberty, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and manganese SOD (SOD2) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to procymidone using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Seven-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with procymidone (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per day) orally for 7 consecutive days after testosterone propionate (0.4 mg/kg per day) administration by subcutaneous injection. As compared to normal control animals, GPx1 mRNA expression in prostates significantly increased by the administration with TP and/or procymidone. However, PHGPx and SOD1 mRNA levels significanatly decreased by over 25 mg/kg of procymidone treatment and SePP and SOD2 mRNA levels was significanatly reduced by over 50 mg/kg of procymidone treatment. These findings indicate that procymidone may affect the antioxidant system of prostatic cells in up-regulation mode of GPx1, but in down-regulation modes of PHGPx, SePP, SOD1, and SOD2, suggesting that procymidone may affect differently the cellular antioxidant system of prostate according to the exposure doses.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.166-170
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• 2011

pH와 DO(dissolved oxygen)의 변화는 발효 진행상황을 파악하는데 중요한 요인이다. 일반적으로 효모의 알코올 발효는 술덧 (mash)이 산성 또는 미산성인 경우에 알코올 생성 능력이 좋은 것으로 알려져 있다. 산성막걸리의 1차 담금시 pH는 3.20에서 시작하여 발효가 진행됨에 따라 4.22로 증가하였다. 보통 1차 담금 후 2시간이 경과하였을 때 pH는 3.2정도가 되면 정상발효를 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 72시간 후 2차 담금 시에는 pH가 3.88에서 3.67사이로 확인 하였다. 일반 막걸리의 발효 pH는 4.0~4.6범위인데 본 연구에서는 다소 낮은 pH를 나타내었다. 또 숙성단계에서는 3.72 에서 4.11로 증가하여 산성의 pH를 유지하는 것을 확인하였다. DO의 경우 l차 담금 시 10에서 시작하여 0.8정도로 감소하다가 2차 담금과 숙성 시에는 4.0을 유지하였다. SOD는 superoxide anion을 $H_2O_2$와 $O_2$로 전환시키고 $H_2O_2$는 다시 GPx와 catalase(CAT)에 의해 $H_2O$로 전환됨으로써 SOD, CAT 및 GPx는 활성산소의 독성으로부터 생체를 보호하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 효소이다. SOD 활성도는 LPS를 투여한 대조군이 정상군에 비하여 1.64배 감소하였으며 SM+LPS군의 SOD 활성도는 대조군에 비해 23.29% 증가하여 간 염증이 억제되었음을 확인하였다. LPS로 간 염증을 유발하지 않은 SM군에서는 정상군보다 1.28배 SOD활성이 증가하였다. CAT 활성도에서는 대조군이 정상군에 비해 l.35배 CAT의 활성도를 낮춘 것으로 나타났다. SM+LPS 군의 CAT 활성도는 대조군에 비하여 40.26% 증가함을 확인하였다. SM군은 정상군에 비해 1.03배 CAT의 활성이 증가하였다. GPx활성도는 대조군이 정상군에 비하여 3.78배 감소하였으며 SM+LPS군의 GPx활성도는 대조군에 비하여 11.91% 증가함을 확인하였다. SM군은 GPx활성이 정상군에 비해 0.97배 증가하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 항산화 효소의 활성이 LPS투여로 감소되었으나 SM을 투여한 경우에는 증가하였음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 항산화 효소의 활성의 증가는 간 손상에 관한 간조직의 병리조직학적 관찰을 통하여 입증되었다. 그러므로 산성막걸리 추출물이 항산화 작용에서 효과가 있는 물질로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.689-696
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• 1997

황백피와 두릅나무(AP)의 혼합 추출물이 당뇨에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 실험으로 streptozotocin으로 당뇨가 유도된 생쥐에게 혼합 추출물을 5일간과 10일간 복강투여하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 50, 150, 250mg/kg B.W. AP추출물 투여군(DI1, DI2, DI3)의 몸무게는 당뇨 대조군(DIC)에 비해 유의적 (p<0.05)인 증가를 보였으며 , 간과 췌장의 무게는 DIC군에서 증가하였으나 AP추출물의 투여로 감소되었다. 특히, 10일 복강투여군에서 장기무게의 감소정도는 5일 복강투여 군에 비해 현저하였다. 혈장 포도당수준의 변화는 AP 추출물의 투여로 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 감소하였으며 감소정도는 AP추출물의 양에 비례하는 수준이었다. 혈장 cholesterol(total, LDL, VLDL)과 TG수준은 AP추출물의 투여로 감소되었으나(p<0.05), 생쥐에는 choles-teryl ester transfer protein이 없어 HDL cholesterol의 수준은 AP추출물의 투여 후에도 변화를 보이지 않았다. TBARS 함량은 당뇨 대조군이 정상군에 비해 증가하였으나 AP추출물의 투여 후 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 감소하였다. 이러한 감소정도는 10일 복강투여군에서 현저하게 나타났으며 특히 췌장조직에서 효율적인 감소 효과를 보였다. GPx의 활성도는 DIC군에서 유의적 (p< 0.05)으로 증가하였으며 AP추출물의 투여로 감소되었다. GR의 활성도는 유의적이지 않으나 GPx와 같은 양상을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 황백피와 두릅나무추출물은 streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유도한 생쥐에서 몸무게의 증가, 혈당 및 혈중 지질수준의 개선, 항산화 효과를 지니고 있음이 추정되었으며, 차후 이들AP추출물의 subfraction을 통한 계속적인 연구로 혈당강하 효과의 확인 및 효과 성분의 분리에까지 연구범위를 넓힐 수 있기를 기대한다.