Biomolecules & Therapeutics

The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology (한국응용약물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field is an Environmental Stress Factor by Exerting Oxidative Stress

  • Park, Yong-Jin (Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University) ;
  • Park, Won-Joo (Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University) ;
  • Yim, Sung-Hyuk (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University) ;
  • Yang, Seong-Jun (Cosmetic Evaluation Team, Korean Food and Drug Administration) ;
  • Sun, Yuan Lu (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University) ;
  • Jeong, Ji-Hoon (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University) ;
  • Park, Eon-Sub (Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University)
  • Published : 2007.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The previous study reported the biological effect of magnetic field exerted by acting on endocrine and anti-oxidant system. The present study aims to study whether ELF-MF (extremely low frequency magnetic field) affects the physiological endocrine systems such as thyroid and whether ELF-MF affects the defense system against oxidative stress when it alters the function of thyroid. Finally, we correlate the effects of MF on oxidative stress, and adrenal and thyroid with an environmental stress factor. We exposed sham or MF to rats for 5 or 25 days. After the exposure, we determined pain sensitivity, level of TSH, $T_3$ and free $T_4$ in plasma. We also assayed in whole brain, lipid peroxidation, the activity of enzymatic anti-oxidant defense including superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non enzymatic defense such as reduced or oxidized glutathione contents. MF induced the hypersensitivity to thermal stimuli with the reduction of latency. $T_3$ and $T_4$ levels were also increased by the exposure of MF. In addition, we observed the rise of MDA level in rat brain by MF although the MF did not change superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. The effect of MF on both reduced and oxidized glutathione results in decrease in reduced or oxidized glutathione in whole brain. In every experiment, there was no significant difference in MF influence between short term (5 days) and long term (25 days) exposure. Taken together, MF exposure affects the thyroid hormonal control in brain. The elevated thyroid hormone acts on brain, leading to hyper-utilization of oxygen. This phenomenon may be correlated with oxidative stress resulting from MF exposure. In conclusion, we suggest that MF exposure may be an environmental stress by exerting oxidative stress.

Keywords

References

  1. Binhi, V. N., and Savin, A. V. (2002). Molecular gyroscopes and biological effects of weak extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. E. Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 65, 051912 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.051912
  2. Bruner, L. J. and Harvey, J. R. (1998). Synchronization of pacemaker cell firing by weak ELF fields: simulation by a circuit model. Bioelectromagnetics. 19, 92-97 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<92::AID-BEM6>3.0.CO;2-Z
  3. Bruno, A. N., Fontella, F. U., Bonan, C. D., Barreto-Chaves, M. L., Dalmaz, C. and Sarkis, J. J. (2006). Activation of adenosine A(1) receptors alters behavioral and biochemical parameters in hyperthyroid rats. Behav. Brain Res. 167, 287-294 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.017
  4. Duntas, L. H. (2005). Oxidants, antioxidants in physical exercise and relation to thyroid function. Horm. Metab. Res. 37, 572-576 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-870425
  5. Fernandez, V., Tapia, G., Varela, P., Romanque, P., Cartier-Ugarte, D. and Videla, L. A. (2006). Thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress in rodents and humans: a comparative view and relation to redox regulation of gene expression. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 142, 231-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.10.007
  6. Hart, R. H., Kendall-Taylor, P., Crombie, A. and Perros, P. (2005). Early response to intravenous glucocorticoids for severe thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy predicts treatment outcome. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 21, 328-336 https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2005.21.328
  7. Huffman, L. J., Beighley, C. M., Frazer, D. G., McKinney, W. G. and Porter, D. W. (2006). Increased susceptibility of the lungs of hyperthyroid rats to oxidant injury: specificity of effects. Toxicology. 225, 119-127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.008
  8. Ishii, Y. and Tanizawa, H. (2006). Effects of soyasaponins on lipid peroxidation through the secretion of thyroid hormones. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, 1759-1763 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1759
  9. Keck, M. E., Welt, T., Post, A., Muller, M. B., Toschi, N., Wigger, A., Landgraf, R., Holsboer, F. and Engelmann, M. (2001). Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a psychopathological animal model are suggestive of antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 24, 337-349 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00191-3
  10. Lai, H., Carino, M. A. and Ushijima, I. (1998). Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field affects rats' water-maze performance. Bioelectromagnetics. 19, 117-122 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<117::AID-BEM10>3.0.CO;2-N
  11. Lakin, M. L., Miller, C. H., Stott, M. L. and Winters, W. D. (1981). Involvement of the pineal gland and melatonin in murine analgesia. Life Sci. 29, 2543-2551 https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90710-4
  12. Langer, P., Foldes, O., Kvetnansky, R., Culman, J., Torda, T. and El Daher, F. (1983a). Pituitary-thyroid function during acute immobilization stress in rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 82, 51-60 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1210255
  13. Langer, P., Foldes, O., Macho, L. and Kvetnansky, R. (1983b). Acute and transient activation of pituitary-thyroid axis during unforced restriction in rats: component of nonshivering thermogenesis in conscious animals? Horm. Res. 17, 27-35 https://doi.org/10.1159/000179671
  14. Langer, P., Vigas, M., Kvetnansky, R., Foldes, O. and Culman, J. (1983c). Immediate increase of thyroid hormone release during acute stress in rats: effect of biogenic amines rather than that of TSH? Acta. Endocrinol. (Copenh). 104, 443-449
  15. Levick, S., Fenning, A. and Brown, L. (2005). Increased calcium influx mediates increased cardiac stiffness in hyperthyroid rats. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 43, 53-60 https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:43:1:053
  16. Mazure, C. M., Quinlan, D. M. and Bowers, M. B., Jr. (1997). Recent life stressors and biological markers in newly admitted psychotic patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 41, 865-870 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00222-3
  17. Ossenkopp, K. P. and Cain, D. P. (1988). Inhibitory effects of acute exposure to low-intensity 60-Hz magnetic fields on electrically kindled seizures in rats. Brain Res. 442, 255-260 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91510-7
  18. Pang, C. S., Tsang, S. F. and Yang, J. C. (2001). Effects of melatonin, morphine and diazepam on formalin-induced nociception in mice. Life Sci. 68, 943-951 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00996-6
  19. Pantos, C., Malliopoulou, V., Mourouzis, I., Thempeyioti, A., Paizis, I., Dimopoulos, A., Saranteas, T., Xinaris, C. and Cokkinos, D. V. (2006). Hyperthyroid hearts display a phenotype of cardioprotection against ischemic stress: a possible involvement of heat shock protein 70. Horm. Metab. Res. 38, 308-313 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-925404
  20. Senft, A., Dalton, T. and Shertzer, H. (2000). Determining glutathione and glutathione disulfide using the fluorescence probe o-phthalaldehyde. Anal. Biochem. 280, 80-86 https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2000.4498
  21. Sun, W., Yu, Y., Fu, Y., Chiang, H., Xie, H. and Lu, D. (2002). [Effects of power-frequency magnetic fields exposure on phosphorylation and enzymatic activity of stress-activated protein kinase and its upstream kinase]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 20, 256-259
  22. Trimmel, M. and Schweiger, E. (1998). Effects of an ELF (50 Hz, 1 mT) electromagnetic field (EMF) on concentration in visual attention, perception and memory including effects of EMF sensitivity. Toxicol. Lett. 96-97, 377-382 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00096-4
  23. Varghese, S., Shameena, B. and Oommen, O. V. (2001). Thyroid hormones regulate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 128, 165-171 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(00)00309-2
  24. Venditti, P. and Di Meo, S. (2006). Thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 63, 414-434 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5457-9
  25. Walker, L. S., Garber, J., Smith, C. A., Van Slyke, D. A. and Claar, R. L. (2001). The relation of daily stressors to somatic and emotional symptoms in children with and without recurrent abdominal pain. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 69, 85-91 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.85
  26. Woldanska-Okonska, M. and Czernicki, J. (2003). [Influence of pulsating magnetic field used in magnet therapy and magnet stimulation on cortisol secretion in human]. Med. Pr. 54, 29-32