• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of coffee in diabetic rats in order to prevent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and to improve antioxidant enzyme activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight $200{\pm}5g$) were divided into two groups; diabetic and nondiabetic groups. The groups were each randomly divided into two subgroups; fed control and coffee (5 g coffee powder/kg diet) diets. Diabetes was induced by intramuscular injection of 50 mg streptozotocin/kg body weight. Rats with blood glucose concentrations ${\geq}300mg/dL$ were considered diabetic for these experiments. All rats were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 4 weeks. Results: The results of this study indicate that body weight gain was significantly lower in diabetic groups than in nondiabetic groups regardless of diet. Mean food intake was significantly higher in diabetic groups than in nondiabetic groups, and significantly higher in the coffee group than in the control group in diabetic rats. Food efficiency ratio (FER) was significantly lower in diabetic groups than in nondiabetic groups regardless of diet. The fasting blood glucose of coffee supplemented groups was significantly lower compared with the control group in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. The levels of serum LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the coffee group than in the control group in diabetic and nondiabetic rats, and serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in the coffee group than in control groups. The contents of hepatic triglyceride were significantly lower in the coffee group than in the control group in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. The lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents was significantly lower in the coffee group than in the control group in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase in liver was not significantly different by experimental diets among all groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, effects of 0.5% coffee powder supplemented diet were beneficial on blood glucose and lipids in diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1126-1135
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of genistein in BALB/c mice injected with lopopolysaccharide (LPS), called endotoxin. Mice (10 weeks of age) weighing approximately 20 g were divided into 4 groups. Endotoxin shock was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (100 mg/kg BW). LPS and genistein+LPS groups were injected with LPS 30 min after phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and genistein (200 mg/kg BW) injections, respectively. Genistein group was injected with genistein, followed by PBS, while PBS group received two injections of PBS. Superoxide anion generation of peritoneal macrophage cells was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the genistein+LPS group than in the LPS injection group at 8 h after intraperitoneal injection, while SOD activity was significantly higher in genistien+LPS group than LPS group. Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ levels of plasma were significant lower (p<0.05) in the genistein+LPS injection group than LPS group at 8 h after intraperitoneal injection. Plasma TBARS was lower in genistein+LPS group than LPS group, while hepatic TBARS were not different among groups. Hepatic glutathione concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities were ignificantly higher in the genistein+LPS group than in the LPS group at 1 h and 8 h after intraperitoneal injection. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) transactivation was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited in LPS group. These results demonstrate genistein may ameliorate inflammatory diseases through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ transactivation and oxidative stress, which may be mediated partially by anti-oxidative effect of genistein.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1536-1544
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• 2005

We have investigated physiological effects of soy ice cream with oligosaccharide on oxidative stress and fecal microflora in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Parched soybean powder (7.6$\%$, w/w) substituted skimmed milk and cream, soybean oil (7.6$\%$, w/w) for milk oil, and fructooligosaccharide (9.5$\%$, w/w) for sucrose. Five types of ice cream were prepared: regular, oligosaccharide-supplemented regular, soy, oligosaccharide - supplemented soy, and oligosaccharide - supplemented black soybean ice cream . Freeze - dried ice cream was supplemented to AIN93-based diets at 30$\%$ (w/w) containing 6.5$\%$ soy and 4.5$\%$ fructooligosaccharide. Diabetes was induced by intramuscular administration of streptozotocin, and experimental diets were given for 4 weeks. Plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly increased in the diabetic rats compared with the normal rats, then was significantly decreased with feeding soy ice cream containing diet compared with regular ice cream containing diet among the diabetic groups. The levels of TBARS in liver were decreased in the rats that were fed either soy or oligosaccharide ice cream compared with the rats that were fed regular ice cream. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in the rats fed soy ice cream compared with the rats fed regular ice cream. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the rats fed black soybean ice cream. Fecal concentrations of Lactobacilli were significantly higher in the rats fed soy ice cream and oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream than that of the rats fed regular ice cream. Fecal concentrations of Bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the rats fed oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream than that of the rats fed regular ice cream. In conclusion, oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream suppressed lipid peroxidation and improved the got microbiota in diabetic rats compared with milk-based regular ice cream.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2010

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for normal body function and functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. This study was carried out to investigate effect of selenium on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor formation in a mouse model. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week and fed different selenium diet (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 ppm) for 12 weeks. Animals received three intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg B.W. in saline for 3 weeks), followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water for a week. There were four experimental groups, including a normal control group and three different selenium levels groups. After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa after methylene blue staining. The number of tumors was noted for tumor incidence. Liver selenium concentration was measured using ICP-AES method. Gutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using a GPx assay kit in the liver and colon. TUNEL assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of $\beta$-catenin was also performed on the mucous membrane tissue of colon. The activity of GPx in the liver and colon was decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group while it was increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. Apoptotic positive cells were increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group but decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group. PCNA staining area was decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. In addition, the $\beta$-catenin protein level in the selenium-deficient diet group was increased but decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. These results indicate that dietary selenium might exert a modulating effect on colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACF and colon tumor formation in this mouse model.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2016

Purpose: Water is magnetically charged upon contact with a magnet. Although magnetic water products have been promoted since the 1930's, they have not received wide acceptance since their effectiveness is still in question; however, some have reported their therapeutic effects on the body, especially the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. Methods: In this study, the effect of magnetized water on glycemic control of 14 diabetic mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/db) in comparison with 10 control mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/+(db/+)) was investigated. Seven diabetic control (DMC) mice and seven diabetic mice + magnetized water (DM+MW) were kept for 16 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Weekly blood glucose was measured from tail veins. Blood obtained from heart puncture was used for HbA1c analysis. Results: Blood glucose level showed a significant difference starting from the $10^{th}$ week of study ($496.1{\pm}10.2mg/dl$ in DMC vs. $437.9{\pm}76.9mg/dl$ in DM+MW). Blood glucose followed by IPGTT showed no significant difference between groups at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, although glucose level at 180 min was significantly reduced in DM+MW mice. Plasma insulin level in DM+MW groups was only 39.5% of that of DMC groups ($5.97{\pm}1.69ng/ml$ in DMC vs. $2.36{\pm}0.94ng/ml$ in DM+MW). Levels of HbA1c were 12.4% and 9.7% in DMC and DM+MW groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results show the promising therapeutic effect of magnetized water in regulating blood glucose homeostasis; however, long-term supplementation or mechanistic study is necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.604-609
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• 2011

Pine (pinus densiflora) needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pine needle extracts on the hepatic antioxidant system in the damaged liver of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-treated rats. Nine-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: normal group (NOR), $CCl_4$-treated group (CCL), pine needle hot water extract and $CCl_4$-treated group (CCL-P), and Vitamin C and $CCl_4$-treated group (CCL-V). The enzyme activities and antioxidant effects of the pine needle hot water extracts were investigated at the levels of liver homogenates and serum of rats intoxicated with $CCl_4$. Serum GOT and GPT activities by $CCl_4$ treatment increased compared to those of the NOR group. However, they tended to decrease in the hot water extract-administered group. Liver SOD activity in the CCL group was significantly lower than the NOR group (p<0.05). However, they increased in the CCL-P group compared to the CCL group. Further, the CAT and GPx activities of serum treated with $CCl_4$ were higher compared to those of the NOR group but lower in the CCL-P group compared to CCL group. These results suggest that pine needle hot water extract increases antioxidant activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1310-1317
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• 2003

Effects of dietary cholesterol and/or taurine supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipid peroxidation status and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated in rats fed one of the following semisynthetic diets for 5 weeks: control diet (CD, cholesterol-free and taurine-free diet); high cholesterol diet (HCD, CD+1.5% cholesterol): high taurine diet (HTD, CD+1.5% taurine): high cholesterol and high taurine diet (HCHTD, HCD + 1.5% taurine). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level was not influenced by dietary cholesterol or taurine supplementation, while hepatic MDA level was 70% higher in rats fed HCD compared to the value for CD rats (p<0.05). Our observation that taurine supplementation significantly decreased the hepatic MDA level of rats fed HCD, but failed to decrease lipid peroxidation of rats fed CD indicates that the protective effect of taurine in the liver against lipid peroxidation is manifested only under the hypercholesterolemic environment. Plasma and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were not affected by dietary supplementation of cholesterol or taurine. However, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly reduced by dietary taurine supplementation (p <0.05), and thus significantly lower in rats fed HTD compared to the value for CD (p<0.05). Plasma total cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with hepatic cholesterol concentration as expected (r=0.712, p<0.001). Plasma (r=0.399, p<0.05) and hepatic cholesterol levels (r=0.429, p<0.05) showed a significantly positive correlation with hepatic MDA concentration, respectively. Plasma taurine concentration was negatively correlated with hepatic SOD activity (r=-0.481, p<0.01), and tended to be negatively correlated with hepatic GSH-Px activity without showing statistical significance (r=-0.188, p<0.05). These results indicate an antioxidative effect of taurine in rats with elevated level of lipid Peroxidation due to high intake of dietary cholesterol. Future application of taurine as a safe candidate for a hypolipidemic agent without adversely affecting body's antioxidant defense system is speculated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.689-695
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• 2011

Diabetic patients need nutritional education more than those suffering from other diseases because of the necessity of controlling blood glucose levels with dietary treatment. The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of nutrition education on diabetes control and antioxidant status, both of which are related to diabetic complications. Thirty (15 males and 15 females) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged $66.7{\pm}8.8$ years participated in a 4-week nutrition education program. Nutrient intakes, blood glucose level, antioxidant status, and DNA damage were evaluated before, immediately after, and three months after the education program. Changes in those parameters over time were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of covariance. Over time, HbA1c (p=0.000), plasma total cholesterol (p=0.002), plasma thiobarbituric acid related substances (TBARS; p=0.000), and leukocyte DNA damage (p=0.000) significantly decreased; plasma retinol (p=0.001), plasma tocopherol (p=0.000), erythrocyte catalase (CAT; p=0.000), and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx; p=0.000) significantly increased. In an evaluation of nutrient intakes by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI), energy (p=0.009), phosphorus (p=0.033), sodium (p=0.001), potassium (p=0.019), zinc (p=0.043), riboflavin (p=0.050), folic acid (p=0.048) and vitamin C (p=0.008) intakes had significant positive changes. In a correlation analysis of the biochemical and nutritional changes resulting from the education program, plasma TBARS were negatively correlated with potassium (r=-0.418, p<0.05), iron (r=-0.443, p<0.05), riboflavin (r=-0.432, p<0.05), and folic acid (r=-0.446, p<0.05) intakes, while plasma retinol was positively correlated with energy (r=0.543, p<0.01), protein (r=0.543, p<0.01), phosphorus (r=0.425, p<0.05), iron (r=0.485, p<0.05), zinc (r=0.570, p<0.01) and niacin (r=0.510, p<0.05) intakes. Erythrocyte CAT was positively correlated with folic acid intake (r=0.605, p<0.01). From these results, we suggest that an improvement in nutrition resulting from a diabetic education program for type 2 diabetes patients led to improvement in their antioxidant status, also possibly reducing complications resulting from diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.959-967
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• 2005

Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant that causes a major health concerns. It is known to induce a broad range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions in laboratory and humans, including hematopoietic system, kidneys, liver, and reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Saengshik supplementation on the lead-induced toxicity in rats. Five week old male Sprague­Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups for six weeks as followings: control group (CT), lead acetate treated group (PT), and lead acetate groups administered with three different dosages of Saengshik $(SI2.5-12.5\%,\;S25-25\%,\;and\;S50-50\%).$ Lead acetate (12 mg/rat) was intragastrically administered daily for 6 weeks. The results were summarized as follows; Weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower (p<0.05) in lead administered group compared with those of the control group. Also, significant lead-induced alteration in blood hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and reticulocyte distribution width (RDW) were observed. In the liver of lead-exposed animals, there was an increase in the lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the level of glutathione (GSH), but superoxiede dismutase (SOD) activity did not change. Lead-exposed animals with $25\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik supplementation showed marked improvements in the values of MCH, MCV, and RDW. Also, the level of HCT was significantly increased by $50\%$ Saengshik supplementation. The levels of liver MDA in $12.5\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik administered groups and GSH level in $50\%$ Saengshik administered group were significantly decreased compared to the lead administered group. Also, hepatic SOD activity tended to increase in the presence of Saengshik supplementation. Furthermore, the accumulation of lead in liver and kidney was reduced by presence of Saneghshik supplementation. Liver lead concentration was significantly reduced by both $25\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik supplementations and kidney lead concentration was significantly reduced by the $25\%$ Saengshik supplementation. These results show that Saengshik may have a protective effect against lead intoxication but the mechanism of their effects remains unclear.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1356-1362
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysate (extract) of Salicomia herbacea L. (Korean name: Hamcho) on antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Rats were divided into six experimental groups which are composed of normal diet group, normal diet group supplemented with 2% Hamcho extract, high cholesterol diet group, high cholesterol diet groups supplemented with 1%, 2% and 4% Hamcho extracts. The activity of serum glutamate oxaloacetae transaminase in rats was not different among all experimental groups, while the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in groups supplemented with Hamcho extract was significantly lower than that of high cholesterol control group. Supplementation of Hamcho extract (SHE) to the high cholesterol fed rats resulted in increased activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peioxidase. However, there was no significant difference in the activity of hepatic catalase among all experimental groups. SHE also resulted in decreased levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and mitochondrial carbonyl values. Those effects were higher to some extent in 2% and 4% Hamcho extract groups than those of high cholesterol control group. These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysate of Hamcho may reduce oxidative damage by activation of antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diets.