• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.381-387
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• 1997

Cancer tissues are characterized by increased glucose uptake. $^{18}F$-fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG), a glucose analogue is used for the diagnosis of cancer in PET studies. This study was aimed to compare the glucose uptake and glucose transporter 1(GLUT1) expression in various human colon cancer cells. We measured FDG uptake by cell retention study and expression of GLUT1 using Western blotting. Human colon cancer cells, SNU-C2A, SNU-C4 and SNU-C5, were used. The cells were incubated with $1{\mu}Ci/ml$ of FDG in HEPES-buffered saline for one hour. The FDG uptake of SNU-C2A, SNU-C4 and SNU-C5 were $16.8{\pm}1.36,\;12.3{\pm}5.55$ and $61.0{\pm}2.17cpm/{\mu}g$ of protein, respectively. Dose-response and time-course studies represent that FDG uptake of cancer cells were dose dependent and time dependent. The rate of FDG uptake of SNU-C2A, SNU-C4 and SNU-C5 were $0.29{\pm}0.03,\;0.21{\pm}0.09$ and $1.07{\pm}0.07cpm/min/{\mu}g$ of protein, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that the GLUT1 expression of SNU-C5 was significantly higher than those of SNU-C2A and SNU-C4. These results represent that FDG uptake into human colon cancer cells are different from each other. In addition, FDG uptake and expression of GLUT1 are closely related in human colon cancer cells.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus(NRN) on production levels of Blood Glucose and Serum Lipid Levels. Methods : This study is about changes of blood glucose levels, body weights, levels of food and water uptake, levels of total cholesterol in the body, triglyceride, Creatinine, and BUN production by NRN extract. Results : Treatment with NRN regulated blood glucose levels effectively, but treatment with NRN did not affect body weights, food and water uptake. In addition, treating with NRN also lowered levels of total cholesterol, which is important for diabetes, and also lowered levels of triglyceride, too. Serum Creatinine levels were not affected, but serum BUN levels were lowered by treating with NRN, which were elevated in diabetes. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that NRN is effective to treat DM level and also has anti-hyperlipidemic effect.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the retina and transported into retina via taurine transporter (TauT) at the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). In the present study, we investigated whether the taurine transport at the iBRB is regulated by oxidative stress or disease-like state in a conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line (TR-iBRB) used as an in vitro model of iBRB. First, [$^3H$]taurine uptake and efflux by TR-iBRB were regulated in the presence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. [$^3H$]Taurine uptake was inhibited and efflux was enhanced under $Ca^{2+}$ free condition in the cells. In addition, oxidative stress inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), diethyl maleate (DEM) and glutamate increased [$^3H$]taurine uptake and decreased [$^3H$]taurine efflux in TR-iBRB cells. Whereas, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), which is known to NO donor decreased [$^3H$]taurine uptake. Lastly, TR-iBRB cells exposed to high glucose (25 mM) medium and the [$^3H$]taurine uptake was reduced about 20% at the condition. Also, [$^3H$]taurine uptake was decreased by cytochalasin B, which is known to glucose transport inhibitor. In conclusion, taurine transport in TR-iBRB cells is regulated diversely at extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, oxidative stress and hyperglycemic condition. It suggested that taurine would play a role as a retinal protector in diverse disease states.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 2016

Ginsenoside Rg1 is a natural compound with various efficacies and functions. It has beneficial effects on aging, diabetes, and immunity, as well as antioxidant and proliferative functions. However, its effect on porcine embryo development remains unknown. We investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the in vitro development of preimplantation porcine embryos after parthenogenetic activation in high-oxygen conditions. Ginsenoside treatment did not affect cleavage or blastocyst formation rates, but did increase the total cell number and reduced the rate of apoptosis. In addition, it had no effect on the expression of four apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Caspase 3, and tumor protein p53) or two metabolism-related genes (mechanistic target of rapamycin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B), but increased the expression of Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), indicating that it may increase glucose uptake. In summary, treatment with the appropriate concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 ($20{\mu}g/mL$) can increase glucose uptake, thereby improving the quality of embryos grown in high-oxygen conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.967-971
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• 2004

The kinetics of sulfite uptake were examined in a wild-type laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine if carrier-mediated sulfite uptake involved a proton symport, as previous studies on sulfite uptake have suggested both an active process and facilitated diffusion. Accumulation of intracellular sulfite was initially rapid and linear up to 50 sec. Uptake was saturable at final concentrations equal to or greater than 3 mM sulfite, and increased 2-fold in the presence of 2% glucose. Uptake was significantly reduced in cells pretreated with 100-500 $\mu$M carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), both of which dissipate proton gradients. Uptake was also significantly inhibited in the presence of 1 mM arsenate, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis. Extracellular alkalization was observed in cells incubated with 1-2 mM sulfite in a weak tartrate buffer at pH 3.5 and 4.5. These findings suggest that the bisulfite ion, $HSO_3^-$, an anionic form of sulfite, is taken up by a carrier-mediated proton symport. A met16 sull sul2 mutant, impaired in both sulfite formation and sulfate uptake, was found able to grow on a medium with sulfite as the sole Sulfur source, indicating that the sulfate transporters Sul1p and Sul2p are not required for sulfite uptake.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.148-154
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• 1978

Saccharomyces cerevisiae J170, a mutant, was used for $DL-^{14}C-leucine$ uptake during the sporulation and vegetative stage. $^{14}C-Leucine$ uptake into yeast cells appeared the highest at pH 6.0, indicating the same result of glucose transport, $^{14}C-Leucine$ uptake in sporulation period was higher than in growth phase, showing the evidence that leucine is more required for protein synthesis. This tendency has the evidence tht leucine is more required for protein synthesis. This tendency has the evidence that leucine is more required for protein synthesis. This tendency has been also supported from the result of Km values of leucine uptake in two stages of yeast. Leucine uptake was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol in two stages of yeast. This means that leucine transport system is associated with energy dependent in both stages. The contents of all amino acid in growth phase cells were higher than those of sporulation stge cells, and those of methionine and tyrosine were showed in trace during the sporulation stage. In contrast, the content of glutamic acid in sporulation stage was compared with those of other amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.690-695
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• 1994

Simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater was studied by the anaerobic-aerobic system of activated sludge. In the anaerobic stage, most of the influent glucose was removed and orthophosphate was released, when the nitrate and/or nitrite concentration in the wastewater was almost zero. The amount of the released phosphorus was found to be directly proportional to the amount of the removed glucose. When the ratio of phosphorus to glucose in the influent was less than 0.04, the phosphorus in the wastewater was almost completely removed during the aerobic state. Under the anaerobic condition, activated sludge released phosphate and excess removal of phosphate occurred during the aerobic condition. Namely, the stress received in anaerobic period stimulated the uptake of phosphorus in aerobic period. The amounts of phosphorus release in the anaerobic and uptake in the aerobic stage were less in proportional to the concentration of $NO_x-N$. Further, if the initial ratio of $NO_2-N$/glucose was less than 0.37, the inorganic nitrogen in the influent could be completely removed.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2015

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to rise alarmingly because of industrialization of society. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic effects of black ginseng extract (BGE) which was performed panax ginseng. First we examined the inhibitory effects of BGE on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. But there was no practical effects in our observations. We, also, investigate the effects of BGE on glucose uptake of skeletal muscle using 2-NBDG in $C_2C_{12}$ myotube. BGE significantly improved the glucose uptake considered as a lowered blood glucose level. Effects of GBG05-FF on fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse. After injection of STZ, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin rapidly increased. But STZ-induced diabetic mouse treated with GBG05-FF significantly reduced the level of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. This results showed that supplementation of BGE improve the diabetic parameters and BGE have a potentiality as a functional food for Diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.76.1-76.14
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• 2022

Background: Clinical dexamethasone (DEX) treatment or stress in bovines results in extensive physiological changes with prominent hyperglycemia and neutrophils dysfunction. Objectives: To elucidate the effects of DEX treatment in vivo on cellular energy status and the underlying mechanism in circulating neutrophils. Methods: We selected eight-month-old male bovines and injected DEX for 3 consecutive days (1 time/d). The levels of glucose, total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in blood were examined, and we then detected glycogen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, phosphofructosekinase-1 (PFK1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, glucose transporter (GLUT)1, GLUT4, sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT)1 and citrate synthase (CS) protein expression and autophagy levels in circulating neutrophils. Results: DEX injection markedly increased blood glucose, TP and TC levels, the Ca²⁺/P⁵⁺ ratio and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and significantly decreased blood IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Particularly in neutrophils, DEX injection inhibited p65-NFκB activation and elevated glycogen and ATP contents and SGLT1, GLUT1 and GR expression while inhibiting PFK1 activity, enhancing G6PDH activity and CS expression and lowering cell autophagy levels. Conclusions: DEX induced neutrophils glucose uptake by enhancing SGLT1 and GLUT1 expression and the transformation of energy metabolism from glycolysis to pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)-tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This finding gives us a new perspective on deeper understanding of clinical anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on bovine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.235-247
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the main active ingredients in ginseng. Here, we aimed to confirm its protective effect on the heart function in transverse aortic coarctation (TAC)-induced heart failure mice and explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: The effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on heart and mitochondrial function were investigated by treating TAC-induced heart failure in mice. The mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 for improving heart and mitochondrial function in mice with heart failure was predicted through integrative analysis of the proteome and plasma metabolome. Glucose uptake and myocardial insulin sensitivity were evaluated using micro-positron emission tomography. The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myocardial insulin sensitivity was clarified by combining in vivo animal experiments and in vitro cell experiments. Results: Treatment of TAC-induced mouse models with ginsenoside Rg3 significantly improved heart function and protected mitochondrial structure and function. Fusion of metabolomics, proteomics, and targeted metabolomics data showed that Rg3 regulated the glycolysis process, and Rg3 not only regulated glucose uptake but also improve myocardial insulin resistance. The molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 regulation of glucose metabolism was determined by exploring the interaction pathways of AMPK, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the promotion of glucose uptake in IR-H9c2 cells by AMPK activation was dependent on the insulin signaling pathway. Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rg3 modulates glucose metabolism and significantly ameliorates insulin resistance through activation of the AMPK pathway.