• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.536-539
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• 2003

백삼 가공품과 홍삼 가공품의 사포닌 분포 내용과 함량을 비교하기 위하여 시판되고 있는 백삼 농축액(WGC)과 홍삼 농축액(RGC)을 각각 1종 선정하여 조 사포닌의 함량과 개별 ginsenoside의 함량분포를 조사하였다. Shibata의 방법과 우리나라 식품공전에 따라 측정한 조 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 각각 10.65와 21.77%이었으며 RGC는 5.80와 10.94%이였고, HPLC에 의한 총 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 7.40와 10.64%, RGC는 3.31와 3.13%로서 백삼 농축액의 사포닌 함량이 홍삼 농축액의 경우 보다 전반적으로 높았다. HPLC로 분석한 인삼 사포닌, ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rd,\;Re,\;Rf,\;Rg_1,\;20(S)\;Rg_3,\;20(R)Rg_3,\;20(S)\;Rh_1$ 그리고 $20(R)\;Rh_1$ 이었으며 대부분 홍삼농축액 보다는 백삼농축액의 함량이 높았으며, 특히 ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rg_1$ 그리고 $Rb_2$은 백삼 농축액에 3배 이상 더 함유되어 있었다. 또한 protopanaxadiol group과 protopanaxatriol group의 비율(PD/PT)에 있어서는 농축액간의 차이는 크지 않았다. 홍삼의 특유 사포닌으로 알려진 20(S)- 및 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$가 WGC와 RGC에 비슷하게 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$의 조 사포닌 조제법에 따라 RGC에서 0.48과 0.47% WGC에 0.40와 0.53%, 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$도 RGC에 0.10과 0.11%, WGC에 0.14와 0.22%이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.95-99
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• 2006

When the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside (G) Re isolated from ginseng and its metabolites G-Rg1, G-F1, G-Rh1 and protopanaxatriol in mouse ear skin psoriasis stimulated by oxazolone was investigated, G-Re and its metabolites suppressed mouse ear swelling stimulated by oxazolone. Among these agents tested, G-Rh1 most potently suppressed ear swelling as well as mRNA expression of COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines $IL-1{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and $interferon-{\gamma}$. These findings suggest that G-Rh1 may improve chronic dermatitis and psoriasis.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 증폭시킨 홍삼으로부터 분리한 ginsenoside Rh2(Rh2)와 compound K(CK)의 융복합적 항염증 및 항암효과를 연구하여 홍삼 내 유용한 기능성분에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 이에 Hep3B에서의 세포독성과 IL-6 유도 STAT3 루시퍼라아제 활성, B16F10과 Hacat 세포의 생존 농도를 측정하였고 Apoptosis와 관련된 분자의 발현양상을 확인하기 위해 FAC (fluorescence activated cell sorting) 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과 Rh2, CK mixture가 10 ug/ml일 때 Hep3B 세포에서 세포독성이 없고 IL-6 감소율이 102%로 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 Rh2, CK mixture 50 uM에서 melanoma 세포인 B16F10과 human keratinocyte인 Hacat에서 독성을 보여 사멸하는 것을 관찰하였다. FACS 분석 결과 annexin V가 발현되지 않고 흑색종 세포와 keratinocyte가 탈착되면서 사멸되는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 현상을 통하여 사멸되는 메카니즘이 anoikis 방식의 세포사멸로 인한 것으로 추정할 수 있으며 그것에 대한 명확한 세포사 신호 체계 규명을 위하여 향후 세포부착 단백질의 변화에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2011

As part of the search for biologically active anti-osteoporotic agents that enhance differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, we identified the ginsenoside Rh2(S), which is an active component in ginseng. Rh2(S) stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization, as manifested by the up-regulation of differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteogenic genes) and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Rh2(S) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and Rh2(S)-induced differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells were totally inhibited in the presence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. In addition, pretreatment with Go6976, a protein kinase D (PKD) inhibitor, significantly reversed the Rh2(S)-induced p38 MAPK activation, indicating that PKD might be an upstream kinase for p38 MAPK in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Rh2(S) induces the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells through activation of PKD/p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and these findings provide a molecular basis for the osteogenic effect of Rh2(S).

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.35-46
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• 2002

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been one of the most highly recognized medicinal herbs in the Orient. Previous experiments have demonstrated that $Rg_3,\;and\;Rg_5$ statistically significantly decreased the incidence of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse lung tumor, $Rh_2$ showed tendency of decrease and $Rh_1$ showed no effect. It was, therefore, concluded that $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are active cancer chemopreventive components in red ginseng and they either singularly or synergistically act in the prevention of cancer. This study was undertaken to compare the cancer chemopreventive effects of $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$(purity: more than $60\%$) isolated from fermented ginseng extract and BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$. The cancer chemopreventive effects were investigated in experimental groups treated with benzo(a)pyrene(BP) with ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;Rh_2\;or\;BST$ at three doses of $50^{\circ}C/ml,\;100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml$ When mice given with $50^{\circ}C/ml$ concentration of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ combined with BP for 6 weeks after BP administration, $Rg_3\;showed\;60\%$ of lung tumor incidence, where as $100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml\;of\;Rg_3$ combined with BP groups had significant decrease of incidence $(40.0\%)$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $35.5\%.$ While the tumor incidence was not decreased in the group treated with BP and 50 of $Rg_5,$ the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;32.0\%$ in the group treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rg_5$, respectively. These incidences were significantly less than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. On the other hand, in the group treated with BP and 50 of ginsenoside $Rh_2,$ the tumor incidence was not decreased. However, the incidence was $40.0\%\;and\;38.8\%$ in the experimental treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rh_2,$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. In addition, the incidence showed the tendency to decrease in the experimental group treated with BP and 50 of BST which contained $16.2\%\;of\;Rh_2,\;15.4\%\;of\;Rg_3\;and\;2.5%\;of\;Rg_5.$ The tumor incidence was $54.0\%$ in this group. In the group treated with 100 and 200 of EST, the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;30.0\%,$ respectively, the incidences significantly being lower than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibiting rate being $45.2\%\;and\;51.6\%,$ respectively. The results of this study strongly suggested that ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are the active components of red ginseng having a cancer chemopreventive activity and $Rg_5$ is the strongest cancer chempopreventive among them. On the other hand, the results demonstrating that the incidence of lung tumor was more markedly reduced by BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rh_2\;or\;Rg_3$ compared to the single component alone, suggest that the combination of these components may remarkablely improve the cancer preventive effect

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng has been used for a variety of medical purposes in eastern countries for more than two thousand years. From the extensive experiences accumulated in its long medication use history and the substantial strong evidence in modern research studies, we know that ginseng has various pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cardiovascular system-protective effects. The active chemical constituents of ginseng, ginsenosides, are rich in structural diversity and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Methods: Ginsenoside constituents from P. ginseng flower buds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the reported data. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H- tetrazolium bromide method was used to test their cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines. Results: Six ginsenosides, namely 6'-malonyl formyl ginsenoside F₁ (1), 3β-acetoxyl ginsenoside F₁ (2), ginsenoside Rh₂₄ (6), ginsenoside Rh₂₅ (7), 7β-hydroxyl ginsenoside Rd (8) and ginsenoside Rh₂₆ (10) were isolated and elucidated as new compounds, together with four known compounds (3-5 and 9). In addition, the cytotoxicity of these isolated compounds was shown as half inhibitory concentration values, a tentative structure-activity relationship was also discussed based on the results of our bioassay. Conclusion: The study of chemical constituents was useful for the quality control of P. ginseng flower buds. The study on antitumor activities showed that new Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HL-60, MGC80-3 and Hep-G2 with half inhibitory concentration values of 16.74, 29.51 and 20.48 μM, respectively.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

고기능성 홍삼사포닌성분의 함량을 증대시키기 위한 목적으로 홍삼엑스에 열처리, 산(acid)처리하여 그 가능성을 조사하였다. 산도를 조정하지 않은 무처리구(control, pH 4.4)에 $120^{\circ}C$ 열처리한 경우 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$의 함량이 약 2배 정도 증가였다. 구연산으로 pH 2.0으로 조정하고 온도처리한 처리구에서는 2.8배나 많은 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 성분이 증가하였으나 다른 유효한 사포닌의 파괴가 두드러져 처음 홍삼엑스에 함유되어 있던 총사포닌의 65% 정도가 소실되었다. $80^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 처리를 한 경우에는 pH를 2.5와 2.0로 조정한 처리구에서는 11.20 mg과 12.50 mg으로 홍삼엑스의 3.3 mg보다 3.3배 이상 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 성분이 변환되었다. Ginsenoside-$Rb_1,\;Rb_2$, Rc, Re, $Rg_1$의 함량이 산도가 높아짐에 따라서 급격히 소실되었고 홍삼 특이성분(ginsenoside-$Rg_3,\;Rh_2,\;Rh_1$)의 함량은 현저히 증가되었다. 매실엑스로 pH를 2.5로 조정한 처리구에서는 13.34 mg으로 홍삼엑스의 3.3 mg보다 4배 이상 변환된 것으로 분석되었다. 비록 31%정도의 total saponin의 감소가 있었으나 $120^{\circ}C$의 고온처리에서 처럼 다른 유효한 사포닌의 큰 손실 없이 $60^{\circ}C$에 12시간 처리하는 것만으로도 다량의 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$를 생산하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

In an effort to improve ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The results showed that the fermented red ginseng (FRG) had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and FRG were 35715.2 ${\mu}g$/mL and 34822.9 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. However, RFG had a higher content (14914.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, CK, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared to NFRG (5697.9 ${\mu}g$/mL). The skin permeability of RFG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cells. Particularly, after 5 hr, the skin permeability of RFG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of NFRG. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, RFG showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to NFRG (6.67 of mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 hr. After oral administration of NFRG and FRG to rats, serum concentrations were determined by HPLC. Peak concentrations of Rk1, Rh1, Rc, and Rg5 were approximately 1.64, 2.35, 1.13, and 1.25-fold higher, respectively, for FRG than for NFRG. Furthermore, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg5 increased more rapidly in the blood by the oral administration of FRG versus NFRG. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared to NFRG as indicated by skin permeation, intestinal permeability, and ginsenoside levels in the blood. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.1660-1665
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• 2010

홍삼 파우치 제품의 성분 및 제조방법의 표준화를 위한 일환으로 국내 유통 중인 홍삼 파우치의 사포닌 함량 및 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 총 ginsenoside 함량은 5.5~185.7 mg/100 mL의 함량을 나타내었고 항암효과로 알려진 ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_2$, $Rh_1$과 $Rh_2$의 함량 분포는 $Rg_3$는 1.6~46.3 mg/100 mL, $Rg_2$는 미검출~22.0 mg/100 mL, $Rh_1$은 미검출~4.3 mg/100 mL, $Rh_2$는 미검출~20.4 mg/100 mL의 분포를 나타내었다. 항 당뇨 효과가 있는 ginsenoside $Rb_2$와 Re의 함량분포는 $Rb_2$는 미검출~10.8 mg/100 mL, Re는 미검출~7.0 mg/100 mL의 함량을 나타내었으며 그 밖의 사포닌 중 ginsenoside $Rb_1$는 미검출~25.2 mg/100 mL, Rc는 미검출~12.5 mg/100 mL, Rd는 미검출~11.3 mg/100 mL, Rf는 미검출~5.9 mg/100 mL, $Rg_1$는 미검출~4.4 mg/100 mL까지의 함량 분포를 보였다. 이화학적 특성 분석결과 총당함량은 226.6~3,102.9 mg/100 mL, 당도는 $1.4\sim9.5^{\circ}Bx$, 탁도는 82.2~100.0%, pH는 4.1~5.0의 범위를 나타내었다. 국내에서 수집한 홍삼 파우치 제품의 약 50%(21~24개 제품)가 ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rg_1$이 미검출 되었으며, 각 제품별 사포닌 함량 차이가 매우 크게 나타나, 국내유통 중인 홍삼 제품에 대한 기준 설정 및 생산방법의 표준화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2012

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at $90^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.