• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate changes in ginsenoside by continuously treating fine bubble, which are mainly used for environmental purification, in 2-year-old ginseng. The ginsenoside content and composition of ginseng leaves and roots were analyzed for 4 months (120 days) after application of Fine bubble. As a result of treatment with common water in leaves, only Re of protopanaxatriol was significantly higher and As a result of treatment with fine buble, it was confirmed that protopanaxadiol Rb1, RC, Rb2 and Rd components were also increased. Especially, the increase of Re and Rb1 resulted in an increase of total ginsenoside. The ratio of PD / PT to ginseng was 0.811 in finebubble treated leaves and 1.28 in root. The fine bubble treatment induced the synthesis of ginsenoside from the roots and resulted in a PD / PT ratio of close to 1. Therefore, this study suggests a method of cultivating high quality ginseng using fine bubble water and suggests possibility of using it as a functional food material which can be used with leaves as well as roots.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 1986

Panax ginseng seedlings were grown in vermiculite with nutrient solution different in nitrogen, phosphorus ana potassium level. Ginsenoside contents of root were investigated by high performance liquid chromatogram. Elimination or increase of one of N.P.K. increased or decreased total saponin content. Nitrogen was most effective (15.5% for-N to 8.9% for 3N) and potassium least. Similar trend was shown in each ginsenoside. According to coefficient of variation in one nutrient treatment or among all nutrient treatments ginsenoside Re was most insensitive to nutrient change and also other environmental factors and Rd most sensitive. Diol content (PD) was more variable than triol (PT) and variation of PT/PD was about half of them. Variation of ginsenoside content by nutrient change had no relation with the ginsenoside content. Similarity of ginsenoside pattern slightly decreased with the difference of saponin content by nutrient change. Root weight was significantly small only in tap water plot.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 2015

Background: Red ginseng (RG) is processed from Panax ginseng via several methods including heat treatment, mild acid hydrolysis, and microbial conversion to transform the major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides, which have greater pharmaceutical activities. During the fermentation process using microbial strains in a machine for making red ginseng, a change of composition occurs after heating. Therefore, we confirmed that fermentation had occurred using only microbial strains and evaluated the changes in the ginsenosides and their chemical composition. Methods: To confirm the fermentation by microbial strains, the fermented red ginseng was made with microbial strains (w-FRG) or without microbial strains (n-FRG), and the fermentation process was performed to tertiary fermentation. The changes in the ginsenoside composition of the self-manufactured FRG using the machine were evaluated using HPLC, and the 20 ginsenosides were analyzed. Additionally, we investigated changes of the reducing sugar and polyphenol contents during fermentation process. Results: In the fermentation process, ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rb1 decreased but ginsenosides Rh1, F2, Rg3, and Compound Y (C.Y) increased in primary FRG more than in the raw ginseng and RG. The content of phenolic compounds was high in FRG and the highest in the tertiary w-FRG. Moreover, the reducing sugar content was approximately three times higher in the tertiary w-FRG than in the other n-FRG. Conclusion: As the results indicate, we confirmed the changes in the ginsenoside content and the role of microbial strains in the fermentation process.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2019

Seasonal ginsenoside flux in the leaves of 5-year-old Panax ginseng was analyzed from the field-grown ginseng, for the first time, to study possible biosynthesis and translocation of ginsenosides. The concentrations of nine major ginsenosides, Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rg2, R-Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd, were determined by UHPLC during the growth in between April and November. It was confirmed total ginsenoside content in the dried ginseng leaves was much higher than the roots by several folds whereas the composition of ginsenosides was different from the roots. The ginsenoside flux was affected by ginseng growth. It quickly increased to 10.99±0.15 (dry wt%) in April and dropped to 6.41±0.14% in May. Then, it slowly increased to 9.71±0.14% in August and maintained until October. Ginsenoside Re was most abundant in the leaf of P. ginseng, followed by Rd and Rg1. Ginsenosides Rf and Ro were not detected from the leaf. When compared to the previously reported root data, ginsenosides in the leaf appeared to be translocated to the root, especially in the early vegetative stage even though the metabolite translocated cannot be specified. The flux of ginsenoside R-Rh1 was similar to the other (20S)-PPT ginsenosides. When the compositional changes of each ginsenoside in the leaf was analyzed, complementary relationship was observed from ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, as well as from ginsenoside Rd and Rb1+Rc. Accordingly, ginsenoside Re in the leaf was proposed to be synthesized from ginsenoside Rg1. Similarly, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc were proposed to be synthesized from Rd.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.255-259
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• 2017

This study was conducted to provide basic information on ginseng saponin of dried ginseng radices. In order to achieve the proposed objective ginsenoside compositions of dried ginseng radices extract with 70% ethyl alcohol were examined by HPLC. The total saponin content, the sum of all ginsenosides, showed that Wild simulated ginseng (WSG), White fine ginseng (WFG), Skin White ginseng (SWG), and White ginseng (WG) stood at 2.510%, 1.643%, 0.587, and 0.429%, respectively. WSG in PPD/PPT ratio was highest at 3.190, WFG (1.934), WG (1.600), SWG (1.386) in order. In the content of ginsenoside Rb1, one of the marker compounds of ginseng, WSG (1.095%) showed the highest content, and WFG (0.527%), SWG (0.246%), WG (0.133%) in this order. The content of ginsenoside Rb1 of WSG (1.095%) was 4.5 times higher than SWG (0.246%). WSG (0.230%) showed the highest content in ginsenoside Rg1, a marker compounds of ginseng, followed by WFG (0.180%), SWG (0.141%) and WG (0.086%). The content of ginsenoside Rg1 of WSG (0.230%) was 1.6 times higher than SWG (0.141%).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1136-1140
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• 2004

Red ginseng and fermented red ginseng were prepared, and their composition of ginsenosides and antiischemic effect were investigated. When ginseng was steamed at 98-$100{\circ}C$ for 4h and dried for 5h at $60{\circ}C$, and extracted with alcohol, its main components were ginsenoside $Rg_3$ > ginsenoside $Rg_1$> ginsenoside $Rg_2$. When the ginseng was suspended in water and fermented for 5 days by previously cultured Bifidobacterium H-1 and freeze-dried (fermented red ginseng), its main components were compound K > ginsenoside $Rg_3{\geq}$ ginsenoside $Rg_2$. Orally administered red ginseng extract did not protect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. However, fermented red ginseng significantly protected ischemica-reperfusion brain injury. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 and compound K, which was found to be at a higher content in fermented red ginseng than red ginseng, may improve ischemic brain injury.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2006

This work was carried out to establish adventitious root culture system in three Panax species (wild-grown P. ginseng, P. quinquefolium, and P. japonicum) to analyze their ginsenoside productivity. Adventitious roots were induced directly from segments of seedlings after cultured on MS(Murashige andSkoog 1962) solid medium containing 3.0 mg/l IBA. Omission of $NH_4NO_3$ from the medium greatly enhanced both the frequency of adventitious root formation and number of roots per explants in all the three Panax species. However, elongation of post-induced adventitious roots was enhanced on medium with $NH_4NO_3$. Two-step culture protocol: $NH_4NO_3$-free medium for first two weeks of culture, followed by $NH_4NO_3$ containing medium for further 4 weeks, greatly enhanced the fresh weight increase of adventitious roots in all the three ginseng species. The fresh weight of adventitious roots was high in P. quinquefolium and low in P. ginseng, followed by P. japonioum regardless of the composition of medium. Pattern and content of ginsenosides in adventitious roots differed among the three Panax species. Total ginsenoside content of adventitious roots in P. quinquefolium, P. ginseng, and p. japonicum was 8.03, 15.7 and 1.2 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Among the three speices, adventitious roots in P. quinquefolium produced hig-hamount of ginsenosides. The pattern of ginsenoside fractions between P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium was similar but the amount of ginsenoside differed between the two, While, in P japonicum, total ginsenoside content was very low and some ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rb2 and Rf were not detected. Conclusively, we demonstrate that same culture condition was required for induction and elongation of adventitious roots of three ginseng species but growth of adventitious roots and their ginsenoside production were different among them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.778-784
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract (LSE) from the mixture of leaf and stem of Panax ginseng. This study measured the general nutritional composition, aminoacid minerals contents and fatty acid composition of LSE. We conducted analysis of the ginsenoside content by HPLC and the cell cytotoxicity tests in normal liver and kidney cells. The approximate composition of LSE was 2.51% of carbohydrate 0.53% of crude ash,0.20% of crude fat and 0.15% of crude protein, respectively. LSE contained 102.56 mg/100 g of K ion and high contents of acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In addition to this, it contained all essential amino acids. The major compositions of fatty acids were 39.99% of palmitic acid 14.96% of linoleic acid, 13.31% of docosatetranoic acid and 12.91% of linolenic acid, The total ginsenoside was 0.82 mg/mL, and ratio of PD/PT was 0.68. Negative effects were not found from the results of the cell toxicity respection. These results imply that leaf and stem of Panax gineng could be used as possible food resources and functional food material and feed stuff.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.281-284
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• 2007

The objective of this research is to provide basic information necessary to differentiate between ginseng (Panax ginseng) grown in woods environments and cultivated ginseng. The ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) contents of Korean woods-grown, 4 year-old cultivated, and 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs were determined via HPLC analysis. The total saponins in the woods-grown ginseng (0.648%) were approximately twice that of the 4 year-old cultivated (0.270%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (0.280%). The protopanaxadiols (PD)/protopanaxatriols (PT) ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (3.258%) was higher than that of the 4 year-old cultivated (2.456%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (2.183%). The $Rb_1/Rg_1$ ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (10.225%) was also higher than those of the 4 year-old cultivated (3.514%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (4.865%).