• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 1992

The magnitude of additive effects generally parralled the magnitude of difference between parental means and appeared to be more independent from non - allelic interaction than dominance effects, whereas the magnitude of dominance effects were inflated by non-allelic interaction. Additive effects were significant for all characteristics observed and those of leaf width and leaf shape index of lugs, cutter and leaf and leaf width of tips were higher than dominance effects. Non-allelic gene interaction was expressed in leaf length of lugs, cutter and tips and heterosis of these characters were lower than the other characters.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.552-562
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides are the unique and bioactive components in ginseng. Ginsenosides are affected by the growing environment and conditions. In New Zealand (NZ), Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) is grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy with an open-field forest environment. There is no thorough analysis reported about NZ-grown ginseng. Methods: Ginsenosides from NZ-grown P. ginseng in different parts (main root, fine root, rhizome, stem, and leaf) with different ages (6, 12, 13, and 14 years) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction and characterized by Liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-one ginsenosides in these samples were accurately quantified and relatively quantified with 13 ginsenoside standards. Results: All compounds were separated in 40 min, and a total of 102 ginsenosides were identified by matching MS spectra data with 23 standard references or published known ginsenosides from P. ginseng. The quantitative results showed that the total content of ginsenosides in various parts of P. ginseng varied, which was not obviously dependent on age. In the underground parts, the 13-year-old ginseng root contained more abundant ginsenosides among tested ginseng samples, whereas in the aboveground parts, the greatest amount of ginsenosides was from the 14-year-old sample. In addition, the amount of ginsenosides is higher in the leaf and fine root and much lower in the stem than in the other parts of P. ginseng. Conclusion: This study provides the first-ever comprehensive report on NZ-grown wild simulated P. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to inverstigate the characteristics of growth of ginseng Plant on field conditions as affected by seedling weight. Weight of seedling ranged from 0.4 to 1.8g were divided into seven classes at interval of 0.2g. The heavy seedlings showed superiority in stem length, stem diameter, leaf area, number of palmate leaf and leaflets and root weight in 2-,3-, and 4-age as compared to light ones. The heavy seedlings also showed superiority in the ratio of inflorescence appearance in 2-age and seed product in 4-age as compared to light ones, but there were no significant difference in the ratio of missing-plant and the cracking. of root. The differences of growth in field condition as affected by seedling weight were diminished as the age progressed, and the annual growth rates of root of light seedling were high in older plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2006

A cDNA library was constructed from leaf samples of 4-year-old Panax ginseng cultured in a field. 3,000 EST from a size selected leaf cDNA library were analyzed. The 349 of 2,896 cDNA clones has related with energy metabolism genes. The 349 known genes were categorized into nine groups according to their functional classification, aerobic respiration(48.4%), accessory proteins of electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(17.2%), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(3.4%), electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(2.9%), respiration(2.0%), glycolysis methylglyoxal bypass(1.7%), metabolism of energy reserves(0.6%) and alcohol fermentation(0.3%).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2016

Background: Wild ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer, is an endangered species of medicinal plants. In the present study, we analyzed variations within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cluster to gain insight into the genetic diversity of the Oriental ginseng, P. ginseng, at artificial plant cultivation. Methods: The roots of wild P. ginseng plants were sampled from a nonprotected natural population of the Russian Far East. The slides were prepared from leaf tissues using the squash technique for cytogenetic analysis. The 18S rDNA sequences were cloned and sequenced. The distribution of nucleotide diversity, recombination events, and interspecific phylogenies for the total 18S rDNA sequence data set was also examined. Results: In mesophyll cells, mononucleolar nuclei were estimated to be dominant (75.7%), while the remaining nuclei contained two to four nucleoli. Among the analyzed 18S rDNA clones, 20% were identical to the 18S rDNA sequence of P. ginseng from Japan, and other clones differed in one to six substitutions. The nucleotide polymorphism was more expressed at the positions 440-640 bp, and distributed in variable regions, expansion segments, and conservative elements of core structure. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed conspecificity of ginseng plants cultivated in different regions, with two fixed mutations between P. ginseng and other species. Conclusion: This study identified the evidences of the intragenomic nucleotide polymorphism in the 18S rDNA sequences of P. ginseng. These data suggest that, in cultivated plants, the observed genome instability may influence the synthesis of biologically active compounds, which are widely used in traditional medicine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2016

Background: Knowledge on microclimate conditions under artificial shades in a ginseng field would facilitate climate-aware management of ginseng production. Methods: Weather data were measured under the shade and outside the shade at two fields located in Gochang-gun and Jeongeup-si, Korea, in 2011 and 2012 seasons to assess temperature and humidity conditions under the shade. An empirical approach was developed and validated for the estimation of leaf wetness duration (LWD) using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were similar between under the shade and outside the shade. For example, temperature conditions favorable for ginseng growth, e.g., between $8^{\circ}C$ and $27^{\circ}C$, occurred slightly less frequently in hours during night times under the shade (91%) than outside (92%). Humidity conditions favorable for development of a foliar disease, e.g., relative humidity > 70%, occurred slightly more frequently under the shade (84%) than outside (82%). Effectiveness of correction schemes to an empirical LWD model differed by rainfall conditions for the estimation of LWD under the shade using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. During dew eligible days, a correction scheme to an empirical LWD model was slightly effective (10%) in reducing estimation errors under the shade. However, another correction approach during rainfall eligible days reduced errors of LWD estimation by 17%. Conclusion: Weather measurements outside the shade and LWD estimates derived from these measurements would be useful as inputs for decision support systems to predict ginseng growth and disease development.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 1987

Relationship between the contents of ginsenosides in root and minerals (N,P,K,Ca,Mg) in leaf and root of and year Panax ginseng grown with solutions of various N,P,K levels was investigated by simple, multiple and partial regressions. In root K, N, and P in decreasing order showed significant negative correlation with each ginsenosides. In leaf K,N, and P in decreasing order showed significant positive, negative and both correlation with root ginsenosides, respectively. Relationship between K and root ginsenosides in the minus K plot did not follow that in other plots. The ratios of K,N, and P, in leaf to root in decreasing order showed positive correlations that were greater than in leaf or root. Mg was negatively while Ca was positively correlated in root but these were reverse in leaf and always nonisgnificant in both parts. Ginsenoside Rd, Re and $Rb_1$ were most affected by mineral contents. The effect of minerals on PT/PD was least.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to compare the relative efficiency of two different haploid breeding methods in tobacco varietal development. A single FI hybrid plant from cross of two flue-cured cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum L., Bright Yellow4(BY4) and NC95, was used to develop the 30 anther derived dihaploid (ADH) lines and maternally-derived dihaploid (MDH) lines utilizing Nicotiana africana, respectively. As compared with mid-parent, mean of ADH lines showed increase in number of leaves, delay in days to flower and narrow in width of leaf. However, no significant differences in the other investigated characters were recognized. MDH lines also showed narrow width of leaf, while no significant differences in the other characters were observed. The variations of the investigated characters were generally greater in ADH than MDH lines. MDH lines had higher height of plant and shorter days to flower than ADH lines, while the other characters did not show remarkable differences. The degree of heritability for each of the characters observed between ADH and MDH was almost the same. The characters showing high heritability value were height of plant, number of leaves, days to flower, and yield, while those showing relatively low value were length of leaf, width of leaf, and total alkaloid content. Predicted gains from selection for increased yield were calculated for both populations(ADH, MDH) and correlated responses associated with selection for yield were estimated. Height of plant, width of leaf, days to flower, and concentration of reduceing sugar would be expected to improve with selection for yield much faster in the MDH population than in the ADH.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1992

The comparative effects of ethylene oxide(EO) fumigation and gamma irradiation (5 kGy) were determined on the chemical components of exportable ginseng-leaf tea which is required for improving the hygienic quality. Saponins and fatty acids detected in the samples were found to be resistant to both treatments at the practical levels. In an experiment on free sugar and amino acids, however, quantitative analysis has shown that glucose, lysine and histidine in the samples are significantly decreased by EO fumigation (p<0.05) and that negligible changes were observed in gamma-irradiated samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1989

Several growth characteristics of two ornamental tobacco species, Nicotiana sanderae and N. affinis, were investigated in this study. Also effect of temperature and daylength on the flowering of the tobacco plants were evaluated to obtain basic information on breeding and cultivation. 1. The plants were great in high temperature-long day at the early stage and in low temperature-short day at the late stage of plant growth, for both Nicotana species. At the early growth stage the leaf length N. sanderae was great in high temperature-long day, and that of N. affinis was great in high temperature-short day period, while at the late stage of the plant growth the leaf lengths were more significantly effected by the temperature rather than daylength. Leaf width and leaf shape index were less sensitive to the conditions. 2. For both of the species, the total number of tobacco leaves not much influenced by the temperature and daylength. 3. There were no significant differences for budding and flowering period between the two species, both of which were sensitive to temperature and daylength with more influence by daylength than temperature. 4. Number of floral stalks, number of flower and flowering period were not much influenced by temperature and daylength; however, N. affinis had 2 more floral stalks, 31 more flowers, and 6 day longer flowering period than N. sanderae.