• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2006

교잡 1세대의 화서조직에서 재분화된 F1 유식물체는 고려인삼 유식물체에 비하여 지상부와 지하부 생육이 모두 양호하였으며, 줄기 색도 고려인삼 재분화 식물체의 줄기에 비하여 자색을 강하게 띄었으며 잎의 색도 진한 녹색을 나타내었다. 천풍, 연풍, 선원 등의 고려인삼의 품종 내에서는 Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)영역의 DNA PCR 패턴간에 차이점이 나타나지 않았으나, 고려인삼과 미국인삼은 각기 다른 PCR 패턴을 보였으며, 고려인삼과 미국인삼간의 교잡 1세대는 고려인삼과 미국인삼에 나타나는 고유한 PCR패턴을 모두 나타내었다. 교잡 1세대에서 유기한 캘러스와 재분화식물체는 조직배양 모본인 교잡 1세대와 동일한 PCR 패턴을 보임에 따라 교잡 1세대의 조직배양체는 ribosomal DNA의 ITS영역에서 유전적인 안정성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.317-331
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen combounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids, Water soluble teins, insoluble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. glycol)roteins. amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives. free nucleosides and nllrleir arid bases. 4-me- thymi-5-thiazoleethanol and pyroglutamic acid. The contents of total nitrogen and protein in root increased until 13 years old rvhich was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased With the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the rlosc relation with root growth. Arginine which covered 58% of total free amino aroids may serve as a storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome, threonine in stem and again threoning and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyaminc content. Polyamine stimulated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although dencichine content is relatively high (0.5% d.w.). biochemical and pharmatological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological roll iota plant itself. Radiation and U.V. protective function (heat stable protein), insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and lipolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopeptide). hemostatir and nellrotoxic activity (denrichine) and. sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-5-thiazoleethilnol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality critsria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical stlldies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably dole to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.172-192
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• 1983

Light environment and growth of Panax ginseng In habitat and cultivation under natural shade were renewed. Grower's experiences on ginseng stand In relation to light environment were assessed. Change of shading method and grower's concepts on light requirement of ginseng plant in Korea, Manchuria and Japan was counted. Growth of wild ginseng was better under rich light. Optimum crown density index appeared to be 0.7 In natural habitat and 0.4 to 0.7 for the cultivation in forest. Change of light Intensity in forest was greatest in May and reached near to constant value (from 40% to 3% for broad leaf deciduous forest and loom 4% to 2% for pine forest). Insufficient light condition induced long and thin stem, poor flowering and seed bearing, and sequent dormancy. Relation between light and ginseng strand was not clear but light Interception with cool weather was effective. Topography and orientation of bed have been deeply considered for light environment. Panel or bark of won were used for shading in deep forest manly In Manchuria while reed blind and straw thatch were used in Korea. Kinds and number of shades material and seasonal or daily schedule have been simplified probably by labor pressure due to eulargement of plantation. Post height has been greater while width of roof, bed and ditch has changed lisle. Scientific survey in the past omitted important light control methods (complete light hardening etc) which has been practiced in specific areas. The concept and technique of light control in the past in Korea were delicate and intensive including the control of temperature and moisture. For the application of old concept in modem cultivation precise Investigation of the technique including the measurement of light, temperature and moisture is needed.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of 3-year-old ginseng (for Samgyetang product) cultured by various seeding density in direct-sowing culture. Ginsengs were cultured by the seeding density, 275, 300, 330 352 and 396 seeds per Kan, $180{\times}90cm$ area. Survived rate (82.1%) were the highest in plot of 352 seeds sowed, length and leaf width were high in plot of 300 and 352 seeds. Root yield grain was increased with increase of the seeding density in direct-sowing culture except 352 seeds sowed. Average root weight and diameter were the highest in plot of 352 seeds sowed, 31.6 g and 18.4 mm, respectively. Crude saponin and each ginsenosides content were the highest in plot of 275 seeds sowed. Rg1 content was decreased, Rc and Rb2 content were increased with increase of the seeding density. Total soluble sugar content was the highest in plot of 330 seeds sowed and the lowest in plot of 396 seeds sowed, and oligo- and disaccaride content were high in plot of 330 and 352 seeds sowed. Reological characteristics of ginsengs cultivated according to various seeding density, hardness and springness were high and maximum fracture force was low with decrease of the seeding quantity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2015

Background: The present study was designed to prepare and find the optimum active preparation or fraction from Korea Red Ginseng inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression, because MMP-13 is a pivotal enzyme to degrade the collagen matrix of the joint cartilage. Methods: From total red ginseng ethanol extract, n-BuOH fraction (total ginsenoside-enriched fraction), ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction (GDF), and ginsenoside triol-type-enriched fraction (GTF) were prepared, and ginsenoside diol type-/F4-enriched fraction (GDF/F4) was obtained from Panax ginseng leaf extract. Results: The n-BuOH fraction, GDF, and GDF/F4 clearly inhibited MMP-13 expression compared to interleukin-$1{\beta}$-treated SW1353 cells (human chondrosarcoma), whereas the total extract and ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction did not. In particular, GDF/F4, the most effective inhibitor, blocked the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun-activated protein kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/2 (STAT-1/2) among the signal transcription pathways involved. Further, GDF/F4 also inhibited the glycosaminoglycan release from interleukin-$1{\alpha}$-treated rabbit cartilage culture (30.6% inhibition at $30{\mu}g/mL$). Conclusion: Some preparations from Korean Red Ginseng and ginseng leaves, particularly GDF/F4, may possess the protective activity against cartilage degradation in joint disorders, and may have potential as new therapeutic agents.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.720-725
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• 2006

추출조건에 따른 장뇌삼부위별 추출액의 당도는 씨앗은 80% 에탄올추출액이 18.49%로, 잎은 80% 에탄올추출액이 22.58%로, 뿌리는 80% 에탄올추출액이 22.53%로, 줄기는 100% 물추출액이 19.65%로 가장 높았고, pH는 $4.43{\sim}7.41$ 수준이었다. 갈색도는 잎의 80% 에탄올추출액이 1.803으로 가장 높은 값을, 씨앗의 80% 메탄올추출액이 0.185로 낮은 흡광도를 나타내었다. L값의 경우는 씨앗 80% 메탄을 추출액은 24.35로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고, a값은 잎의 100% 증류수추출액이 0.41로 가장 높은 수준이었고, b값은 줄기의 80% 메탄올추출액이 3.69로 가장 높은 수준이었다. 유리당 중 sucrose는 뿌리의 80% 메탄올추출액에서 3673mg%로, fructose는 80% 메탄올추출액에 1897 mg%로 줄기의 80% 에탄올추출액 4283 mg%로 매우 높음 함량을 나타내었다. 유기산은 citric과 malic acid가 주된 유기산으로 총유기산함량은 잎의 80% 메탄올추출액에 5,254 mg%로, 잎의 80% 에탄올추출액이 1,527 mg%로 가장 높은 함량이었다. p의 함량은 줄기의 100% 증류수추출액에 15,563ppm 로 가장 높았고, K의 함량은 잎의 80% 메탄올추출액에 4,952 ppm로 매우 높은 함량이었다. Ca의 함량은 잎의100% 물추출액에 3,052 ppm으로 높은 함량이었다. 위의 결과에서 80% 메탄올용매가 장뇌삼 추출물제조에 있어 이화학적 성분의 추출에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to study the nature of gene effects for the leaf characters in flue-cured tobacco. The genetic populations were derived from crosses between NC 2326 and Mc Nair 373, and NC 628 and DG-72. The generation means experiment Included the Pl, P2. Fl, F2, Bl and B2, which were frown at Taegu Experiment Station, Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute in 1984. Seedlings were transplanted to the field in a randomized block design with 3 replications. In each block, parental and Fl Plots contained 15 plants in a single row, F2, Bl and B2 plots being composed of 75 plant, in 5 rows. Leaf characters were measured of largest (middle leaf) and 5th leaf(top leaf) from the top after topping. Measurements of the length and width of leaf were obtained from the fresh the middle and top leaves, and weight of leaf, weight and width of midrib were from the satrap leaf after curing. Estimates of additive and dominance genetic variance were analyzed according to Gamble's biometrical model. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The additive gene effects were significant and larger than the dominance gene effects for all leaf and midrib characters in both stalk positions. 2. The dominance gene effects were significant for the length and width of leaf, and weight of midrib in the middle leaves. 3. The digenic epistatic effects were significant for the length and width of leaf in both stalk positions. 4. The additive gene effects were larger in the top than in the middle leaves and midrib characters.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 2011

Growth characteristics, root yield and ginsenoside contents of 3-year-old ginseng in greenhouse shaded by $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain made of aluminum were compared to traditional shade facility in order to develop cultural practice for organic ginseng. Light transmittance ratio in greenhouse with $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain shade was distinctly lower than that of traditional shade from sunrise to 9 a.m., while its ratio in greenhouse was higher than traditional shade since 9 a.m. due to the reflection of light. Air temperature of greenhouse was $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional shade on the first ten days of August due to more reflected light. Root yield of greenhouse was 44% higher than that of traditional cultivation because of the inflow of reflected light and the decrease of disease of Alternaria and Anthracnose by blocking rainfall. Dry matter partitioning ratio of rhizome and lateral root were increased in ginseng cultivated at greenhouse due to longer survival time in leaf than traditional cultivation. Total ginsenoside contents cultivated at greenhouse was decreased in the part of taproot, while it was increased in the part of lateral and fine root compare to traditional cultivation. Individual ginsenoside contents between greenhouse and traditional cultivation showed significant difference more frequent in fine root than taproot and lateral root. Total ginsenoside contents including $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, and $Rg_2$ in whole root of 3-year-old ginseng did not showed significant difference by greenhouse and traditional cultivation.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2003

인삼 종자로부터 적출한 embryo로부터 multi-shoot를 얻기 위하여 CPA와 BA를 단독 및 복합처리 하여 각각의 유기 양상을 알아본 결과 CPA 0.5mg/ t 에 BA 1.0 mg/ t 복합처리가 multi-shoot를 얻는데 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 식물호르몬 종류를 달리한 처리구에서는 특히, 2,4-D 1mg/ t 와 kinetin 0.5mg/ t 처리구에서 한 개의 embryo 당 4∼6개의 shoot를 유기시킬 수 있었다. 또한 인삼의 형질전환을 위해 인삼 자엽으로부터 pre-embryoid를 유기하기 위한 가장 최적의 조건은 2,4-D 1mg/ t 과 kinetin 0.5mg/ t 복합처리구에서 가장 효과적이었다. 기내배양에 의해 형성된 shoot로부터 잎의 포함여부에 따른 petiole, 그리고 embryo에서 kanamycin 내성정도를 조사한 결과 잎을 포함한 petiole과 embryo는 kanamycin 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ m1 농도에서도 다소간 생존하는 것으로 나타나 매우 높은 농도의 항생제를 사용해야 할 것으로 판단되었으며, 잎을 포함하지 않은 petiole의 적정 농도는 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ m1 정도인 것으로 판단되었다 또한 배배양에 의한 embryo로부터 유기된 자엽 을 2,4-D 1mg/ t 과 kinetin 0.5mg/ t 복합 처리구에서 선발할 경우와 인삼 자엽으로 부터 직접 somatic embryo를 유기하여 인삼의 형질전환을 유도하기 위해서 가장 적합한 kanamycin 농도로는 75∼100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ m1이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to determine the relationships between maturity and content of the chemical components in flue-cured tobacco. The results were as follows : 1) Among the chemical components, the contents of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total alkaloids, nicotine, total volatile base, petroleum-ether extract, crude fiber, crude ash, water soluble ash, and chlorine decreased significantly, and those of total sugar, reducing sugar, and starch increased as leaf maturity progressed until the stage of ripeness, but, afterwards, a reverse tendency appeared. 2) There was a significant relationship between maturity and the contents of chemical components, such as total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile base, and the correlation coefficients of them were -0.743, -0.789, -0.797, and -0.642, respectively.