• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2014

To study the cause of physiological disorder in leaf of ginseng cultivated at paddy soil, the degree of brown-colored symptom (BCS) and the contents of inorganic matter in leaf were investigated by irrigating the solution of ferric and ferrous iron of 0.1 ~ 2.0%, and citric acid of 1.0 ~ 4.0% on bed soil, respectively. Ratio of BCS by variety was as high as 85.0% in Yoenpoong, while it was as low as 5.4%, 7.5% in Chunpoong and Hwangsook, respectively. The contents of inorganic matter of leaf in Yoenpoong were lower in $P_2O_5$, Ca, and Mg, while it were higher in K, Fe, and Mn than other variety. Iron solution caused BCS more distinctly when each ferric and ferrous iron were dissolved with 1.0% citric acid than when each iron was dissolved without citric acid. Ferric iron caused BCS more effectively than ferrous iron. BCS occurred in 4.0% citric acid was as same as 2.0% ferric iron mixed with 1.0% citric acid. Low $P_2O_5$ and high Fe content in leaf appeared in both of artificial and natural symptoms. We concluded that excessive Fe uptake caused BCS to leaf because the solubility of iron was increased in condition of low soil pH.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.705-718
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the suppressive effects of organic fungicides made using environment-friendly materials on leaf spot disease and anthracnose that infect ginseng. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and leaf spot disease (Alternaria panax) are principal diseases that decrease the yield of ginseng by defoliation before root enlargement. Fermented eggs and oyster shells, water extract of green tea and ethanol extract of red ginseng dregs were significantly effective in suppressing leaf spot disease. Fermented crab and shrimp shells and fermented motherwort were also effective in suppressing the recurrence of ginseng anthracnose. The preventive effects of these environment-friendly materials were definitely superior to the therapeutic effects. Therefore, these materials could be used as alternatives to chemical pesticides, which can not be applied in organic ginseng cultivation field. These organic fungicides need to be applied before the incidence of ginseng anthracnose in order to maximize their suppressive effects.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

An important factor in the production of organic ginseng is the control of $Alternaria$ blight and anthracnose, which mostly affect the leaves in the summer. We compared the effects of a lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) and agricultural chemicals on the growth characteristics and ginsenoside content in 4-year-old ginseng plants when they were sprayed at 15-day intervals from mid-June to the end of September. The increases in leaf length, and survive-leaf ratio in plants sprayed with LBM were greater than the increases of the control plants, but less than those of agricultural chemicals treatment. The root weight per plant in the plants sprayed with LBM increased more distinctly than that in the control plants, while it was significantly lower than that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals. The root yield in plants sprayed with LBM increased by 21% compared to the root yield in the control plants, but decreased by 7% compared to that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals because of the decreases in leaf area and survive-leaf ratio. Spraying of LBM had a significant effect on the ginsenoside contents. The total ginsenoside content was highest in the control plants and lowest in the plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals and total ginsenoside contents was great relative to survive-leaf ratio and root weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to examine characteristics of agronomic characters and estimate of gene effect for several mutant characters. The genetic populations were derived from cross between 83H-5 and Hicks. There were significant difference for plant height, stlk height, leaf shape and bacterial wilt disease index except leaf number, leaf length, and what is more, F3 variance is more than Bl and B2 generation from cross 83H-5 X Hicks. Gene actions for stalk height and bacterial wilt disease were estimated by 3-parameter, and by 6- parameter model for all characters except above two characters but stalk height and bacterial wilt disease index are not significant in the additive and dominance effects. Dominant$\times$dominant epitasis for plant height, dominant and dominant$\times$dominant epistasis for leaf length, additive and additive$\times$additive and dominant$\times$dominant epistasis for leaf width, and additive and additive$\times$dominant epistasis for days to flower were appeared significant in gene action.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 1993

This study was conducted with ginseng plants to investigate photosynthetic response to changes of light intensity and leaf temperature. $CO_2$ uptake in diurnal course was highest in the first phase (8 00~5 : 30 Am.) on May 30, 1992. In $CO_2$ uptake related to stomatal conductance, these relationship was synchronized in diurnal course, but relationship between TEX>$CO_2$ uptake and intercellular $CO_2$ concentration in diurnal course was synchronized oppositely. Leaf temperature and light intensity at the highest $CO_2$ uptake were in the range of 23~$24^{\circ}C$) and 95$\mu$mol.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$), $CO_2$ , respectively. In response to an increasing light intensity under a constant leaf temperature ($18^{\circ}C$), $CO_2$ uptake was increased throughout the light intensity sequence up to 250$\mu$mol.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$), $CO_2$ When $CO_2$ uptake was measured with a series of leaf temperature under a constant light intensity (250 $\mu$mol.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$), $CO_2$ uptake was highest at $18^{\circ}C$ as a 4.1$\mu$mol.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$), $CO_2$ . Similar changes were also observed in stomatal conductance and intercellular $CO_2$ concentration. Evidences from several approaches indicate that synchronization of $CO_2$ uptake, stomatal conductance and intercellular $CO_2$ concentration were closely inter-related and changes of leaf temperature iuluenced the photo-response in photosynthetic processes.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.351-356
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• 2015

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 cm high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The $NO_3$, K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and $P_2O_4$ levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 cm. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 cm in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 1982

The field evaluation were conducted on dihaploid progenies derived from anther culture of F1 plant of Drama x Sohyang (N. tabacum L.) The mean values of agronomic and chemical traits of dihaploids such as Nicotine, length/width, plant height, Leaf length, leaves per plant and Yield were greater than those of tar parents. The correlation coefficient of dihaploids were similar to those of conventional lines and varieties. In path analysis, in relating yield components to yield, leaves per plant and leaf width had a direct effect on Yield, but the other components such as plant height, leaf length and days to flowering influenced Yield indirect way.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 1986

Activity of endogenous growth regulator in 4th year Panax ginseng root was investigated by second leaf sheath test of rice seedling and paper chromatogram of a acidic fraction of methanol extract before (March 28) and after (May 9) emergence of root bud, at the late season (Sept.4) and after leaf fall (November 11). GA$_3$ and ABA were used as reference. According to paper and high performance liquid chromatography of samples and authentic growth regulators the presence of insole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA$_3$) and abscisic acid (cis and trans ABA) was confirmed. These three regulators appeared to consist of major system though the existence of other regulators could not be ruled out. IAA activity seemed little changed through out the seasons. GA activity decreased in the later stages while ABA activity increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.169-171
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• 1983

The structural components of cell wall in various parts of Korean ginseng were analysed. Pectin was abundant in the cortex and epidermis of root, and leaf. Hemicellulose in root was more than in other parts of ginseng. Cellulose content of stem and seed coat was much higher compared to other parts and lignin content was highest in seed coat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.459-480
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• 1991

Physilogical disorders of P. ginseng occurred in farmer's field were reviewed in relation to symptom. In root, red skin, rough skin, rust, root rot complex, round root, fine root stripe, freezing injury, cracking, sleeping and uneven emergence were frequently appeared. In leaf and stem, yellowing, early defoliation, leaf bum, Papery leaf, white freezing injury, wind injury, stem cracking were the main troubles. Red skin of root and leaf yellowing gave the greatest negative impact on ginseng production. Some cases of damage by pesticides, excess boron and industrial pollutants were reported. Physiological disorders related to quality factors, such as inside cavity, inside white sponge-like ect. after processing were discussed.