• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.249-262
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• 2011

Since May 1st in 2008, the products of ginkgo biloba extract have had to be used with the patient's out-of-pocket payment due to reimbursement restriction guidelines. This study aims to analyze the policy effects of reimbursement restriction on pharmaceutical expenditures using interrupted time series(ITS) analysis. We retrieved monthly NHI claims data for the period between May, 2005 and December 2009. The ingredients identified as a substitute for ginkgo biloba have similar indications based on the similar pharmacological activities. The effects of changes in reimbursement scope were evaluated both for all relevant pharmaceuticals within the same therapeutic class and for 2 separate groups : ginkgo biloba's and its substitutes. According to the study results, restrictions on reimbursement scope resulted in savings of the drug expenditures in the targeted therapeutic class. Direct restriction on ginkgo biloba was associated with a decrease in expenditure level by 60.1% and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 1.4% to an average decrease rate of 1.5% for the therapeutic class, with a dramatic decrease in expenditure level(-191.5%) for ginkgo biloba itself, but with an increased expenditure level(+50.1%) and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 2.0% to an average decrease rate of 1.0% for the substitute group. Further policy to restrict nicergoline was associated with additional decrease in expenditure level for the therapeutic class. Additionally, we could identify the balloon effect - a new policy squeezing one part results in bulging out elsewhere. After the restriction of ginkgo biloba, the utilization of and expenditures on its substitutes increased significantly. In conclusion, we demonstrated that consecutively introduced policies effectively reduced overall expenditures on the therapeutic class of interest. Some ingredients played as a substitute while others did not. Further studies need to be conducted to identify which factors determine a substitute.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.191-195
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• 2012

Accumulated evidence indicate that Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) acts as an antioxidant and scavenger of free radicals as well as influencing apoptotis. Earlier studies have employed the inflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce severe sepsis. In the present study, we examined whether the intraperitoneal injection of EGb 761 increases the survival rate of mice in the LPS-induced severe sepsis model. The survival rate was significantly increased by 30% in mice administered with 100 mg/kg of EGb 761 but not in mice administered with 50 mg/kg EGb 761. In addition, pre-treatment with EGb 761 increased the survival rate (30%) but post-treatment with EGb 761 did not. These results suggest that EGb 761 may have clinical potential in preventing sepsis induced mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves, seed and outer seedcoat against bacteria. Antimicrobial effects of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBL), seed (GBS) and outer seedcoat (GBO) were examined by paper disc method and optical density method to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to figure out the morphological change on the surface when Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was treated. The extracts of GBL, GBS and GBO were extracted by solvents such as methanol, ethanol, water. The methanol extract of GBL and GBO showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica except Escherichia coli and thus was further fractionated. The MICs of the chloroform fraction of GBL methanol extract were $125{\mu}g$/mL against B. subtilis, and L. monocytogenes; GBO methanol extract were $62.5{\mu}g$/mL against B. cereus and $125{\mu}g$/mL against B. subtilis, and L. monocytogenes. The microorganisms were treated with chloroform extracts ($2000{\mu}g$/mL) of GBL and GBO methanol extracts. It was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cells were expanded and a part of cell wall was completely destructed by GBL and GBO. Thus Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and outer seedcoat could be further developed into a natural antimicrobial agent.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2015

From study of antifungal actions on the rice sheath blight by using the extract of Ginkgo biloba outer seedcoats, we found that the extracts of Ginkgo biloba outer seedcoats of all treatment concentrations had inhibited the rice sheath blight. Among them, the most effective concentration was 250 mg/l at which the growth of microbe was 26 mm and even at the packaging test, when sprayed the G. biloba outer seedcoats at the level of 250 mg/l, the damage rate of the rice sheath blight was identified as 13%. As a result investigating the antifungal activity by separating polysaccharides from G. biloba outer seedcoats, it showed that the clear zone of 14 mm or more was formed at the concentration of 250 mg/l or higher. Based on these results, we concluded that the G. biloba outer seedcoat is a natural substance with the antifungal activity on the rice sheath blight.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 1998

These studies were conducted to investigate the antiinflammatory effects and the mechanism of action of natural products. We used the methods of "carrageenan induced foot edema" , "PAF (platelet activating factor) induced foot edema" , "inhibition test of vascular permeability" , "inhibition test of white blood cell migration" , "formation of granuloma" and "adjuvant induced arthritis" to examine the antiinflammatory erects of Angelica gigas, Ledebouriella seseloides, Ginkgo biloba and Bamboo salt (Jukyom). The oral administration of the water extract of Angelica gigantis radix, the methanolic extract of Ginkgo folium and the aqueous solution of Bamboo salt showed antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan and PAF induced foot edema in SD rat at a dose of 1 g/kg. The same administration of methanolic extract of Ginkgo folium also inhibited the vascular permeability in mice. The aqueous solution of Bamboo salt inhibited the formation of ganuloma in SD rats at a oral dose of 1 g/kg. Angelica gigantis radix seems to have antiinflammatory effect by inhibition of PAF.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1995

Effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) and its components kaempferol-coumaroyl glucosyl rhamnoside (Kc), quercetin-coumaroyl glucosyl rhamnoside (Qc), ginkolide (G) and bilobalide (B) on blood pressure and on the levels of neurotransmitters in the spontaneously hypertensive rat brain were examined. Blood pressure decreased about 10 mmHg after administration of GBE but without significance. The concentration of norepinephrine increased (3 times) and that of DOPAC was decreased (38%) after administration of Qc. And 3-MT concentration was increased (36%) by Kc administration in striatum. While Qc administration increased the concentration of Ach (260%) and Ch(29%) significantly, B administration increased Ch concentration in cerebral cortex.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1989

An attempt was made to increase the yield of extraction of ginkgoflavonglycosides from leaves of Ginkgo biloba by treatments of with Cellulase C and macerating enzymes. The yield of dried extract and its contents of ginkgoflavonols, when treated only with cellulase C, were analyzed to be 1. 99% and 0. 38%, respectively. The contents of ginkgoflavonglycosides in the dried extracts were calculated to be 25. 28%. By the treatment with a mixture of three enzymes, cellulase C: cellulase NC and macerosin (1 : 1 : 2), the yield of the dried extract, ginkgoflavonols as well as their glycosides were determined to be 2. 48%, 0. 48% and 24. 16%, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2002

The extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves was measured for inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase. Aceton extract of G. biloba leaves showed strong inhibitory activity. Inhibitory activities of the fractionated extract were in the order of water > ethyl acetate fractions. Two fractions exhibiting strong inhibitory activities ware further purified via repeated silica gel, Amberlite IRN-78, Polyclar AT, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Active components were isolated and identified through $^1$H-NMR and $^{13}$ C-NMR. The compounds were characterized as kaempferol 3-Ο-$\alpha$-(6$^{"′}$-p-coumaroylglucosyl-$\beta$-1,4-rhamnoside), and quercertin 3-Ο-$\alpha$-(6$^{′}$-p-coumaroylglucosyl-$\beta$-1,4-rhamnoside).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 2008

This study was carried out to establish standard analytical methods for Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones, ginkgolic acids were employed as reference compounds for analytical method. Analytical method of US Pharmacopoeia was adopted for flavonoids and terpene lactones, and a new method was developed for ginkgolic acids. Analytical methods established in this study could be applied to a reasonable and unified quality control of G. biloba leaf extract.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.271-280
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• 2001

We report on the applicability oj a method recently developed in our laboratory for measuring the antioxidant potential of isolated chemicals and extracts derived from natural products. Peroxyl radicals generated by thermal homolysis of 2,2'-azobis-amidinopropane (ABAP) oxidize $\alpha$-keto-${\gamma}$-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) to ethylene, which is monitored by gas chromatography. Inhibition of ethylene formation in the presence of antioxidants that compete with KMBA for peroxyl radicals is the basis of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity Assay (TOSCA; Winston et al., 1998). Antioxidative activities of water-soluble extracts of American green tea, the anti-hepatotoxic flavonolignan from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) silybin, Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, and a series of naturally occuring sesquiterpene lactones (all ger-macranolides found in in fungi, liverworts, and plants) were studied. The specific TOSC value per $\mu$M silybin was 5.2, which is essentially comparable to that of Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$, a water-soluble vitamine E analog. Tea and Ginkgo extracts exhibited potent peroxyl radical scavenging capacity with values, respectively of =1700 and 1000 $\mu$mols Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$ equivalent per gram dry matter. The known anti-inflammatory activity of some germacranolides prompted study of their antioxidant capacity. None of the lactones exhibited antioxidant capacity toward peroxyl radicals comparable to Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$; costunilide, the most lipophilic, had a TOSC value = to glutathione. The potential role of peroxyl radicals in lipidperoxidation, other cellular damage, and var-ious disease states suggest a possible preventive role for silybin, green tea and Ginkgo biloba in oxidative stress caused by these free radical species.ecies.