• Title/Summary/Keyword: Gilt

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A Study on the Nautilus Cup from the Silla Period Excavated from Hwangnamdaechong Tomb in Gyeongju (경주 황남대총 남분 출토 신라 앵무배)

  • Kim, Jongwoo
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.22
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2019
  • The excavation of the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb in Gyeongju has yielded diverse types of shell artifacts. Among the them, this paper investigated fragments of shell ornaments with gilt-bronze frames, the use of which has not been identified. It was revealed that the artifacts are in fact nautilus cups, which had never been found previously in excavations in Korea. A nautilus is a species marine mollusk known to be the closest to prehistoric ammonites. It has brown stripes on the surface of the shell and septa inside, and a siphuncle penetrating to the center of the septa. It is known that nautilus cups were made and used in China, but only three examples have thus far been identified. These surviving cups have metal ornaments and are dated to the Western and Eastern Jin periods of China. No nautilus cups have been found in Japan, and the shell ornaments investigated in this study were determined to be the first nautilus cups ever found in Korea. Nautilus cups are mentioned in ancient documents and literature, including in poems by the Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai and in Joseon-period documents. This paper presents the biological characteristics of nautili, cases of excavation of nautilus cups outside Korea, and findings from the basic research of the nautilus cup from Hwangnamdaechong Tomb.

Nondestructive Deterioration Diagnosis for Wooden Ksitigarbha Triad Statues of Shinhungsa Temple in Sokcho, Korea (속초 신흥사 목조지장보살삼존상의 비파괴 손상도 진단)

  • Han, Na Ra;Lee, Chan Hee;Yi, Jeong Eun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.93-102
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    • 2013
  • The wooden Ksitigarbha Triad Statues (Treasure No. 1749) of Shinhungsa temple in Sokcho are enshrined in the inside of the Myeonbujeon Hall. The Statues are highly damaged physical weathering which are crack and exfoliation. Also, the Statues were deteriorated by chemical and biological weathering. This study carried out nondestructive method as deterioration map, ultrasonic measurement, X-ray and endoscopy survey for deterioration evaluation and conservation plan. As a result, Ksitigarbha Statue coated by dust and various pollutants. And gold-gilt of Statue's surface has peeled off. Head part of Mudokguiwang Statue was discolored from water leak in Myeongbujeon Hall. Domyeongjonja Statue is highly damaged by insects. Result of endoscopy, there were bee hives in the inside of the Statue. Therefore, we suggest that these Statues have need to do conservation treatment on the basis of diagnostic results.

Preliminary assessment of correlation between T-lymphocyte responses and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets born after in-utero infection of a type 2 PRRSV

  • Cha, Sang-Ho;Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage, Carey;Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage, Chandima B.;Ajiththos, Dharani;Yoon, Kyoung-Jin;Gibson, Kathleen A.;Yu, Ji-Eun;Cho, In-Soo;Lee, Stephen S.;Chung, Chungwon J.
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.58 no.1
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    • pp.9-16
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    • 2018
  • A preliminary study into the protective mechanisms of adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets (n = 9) born to a gilt challenged intranasally with a type-2 PRRSV. Immune parameters (neutralizing antibodies, $CD3^+CD4^+$, $CD3^+CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocytes, and PRRSV-specific interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ secreting T-lymphocytes) were compared with infection parameters (macro- and microscopic lung lesion, and PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages ($CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$) as well as with plasma and lymphoid tissue viral loads. Percentages of three T-lymphocyte phenotypes in 14-days post-birth (dpb) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) had significant negative correlations with percentages of $CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$ (p < 0.05) as well as with macroscopic lung lesion (p < 0.01). Plasma and tissue viral loads had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocyte percentage in PBMC. Frequencies of $CD3^+CD8^+$ and $CD3^+CD4^+$ T-lymphocytes in 14-dpb PBMC had significant negative correlations with of lymph node (p = 0.04) and lung (p = 0.002) viral loads. $IFN-{\gamma}$-secreting T-lymphocytes frequency had a significant negative correlation with gross lung lesion severity (p = 0.002). However, neutralizing antibody titers had no significant negative correlation (p > 0.1) with infection parameters. The results indicate that T-lymphocytes contribute to controlling PRRSV replication in young piglets born after in-utero infection.

A Study on the Utilization of Korea Traditional Patterns for Fashion Cultural Products (패션문화상품의 한국전통문양 활용 실태에 관한 연구)

  • Hyun, Seon-Hee;Bae, Soo-Jeong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.31 no.8
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    • pp.1252-1261
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study was to grasp the utilization of traditional Korean Patterns used for fashion cultural products. To achieve this purpose, this study examined the range of fashion cultural products through literature review, previous researches, and market surveys and analyzed the situation of fashion cultural products and the kinds, expression methods, expression techniques, and repeat styles of utilized patterns. The analysis results are as follows. First, in the use of traditional pattern, the most frequently-used fashion cultural products were small and inexpensive accessories, followed by fashion apparel, miscellaneous goods, and living cultural goods. Second, the most frequently-used traditional patterns were plant patterns, especially flower patterns. The next frequently-used ones were mixed patterns, especially in the mixture of flower and letter patterns, and $cloisonn\'{e}$ and flower patterns. The next frequently-used traditional patterns were animal patterns(especially butterfly patterns), followed by geometric patterns, lucky omen patterns, and letter patterns. In the expression methods of used patterns, most products except handicrafts preferred simplified patterns to real patterns. Finally, in the expression techniques of traditional patterns, the most frequently used technique was traditional embroidery, followed by the use of weaving fabrics such as fine gauze and brocade which are used for Hanbok. Also, transfer dyeing which is one of printing techniques, DTP(digital textiles printing), a mixed technique which adds embroidery to weaving fabrics, hand-painting, and a gilt technique were used. The results of this study suggest that most fashion cultural products except few designers' works attached weight to some specified patterns and expression techniques regardless of the characteristics of products since there is little understanding of a variety of patterns and are few researches and development on expression techniques.

Die wahlweise Vereinbarung zwischen Schieds- und Staatsgericht (선택적 중재합의조항의 유효성과 문제점)

  • 정선주
    • Journal of Arbitration Studies
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.585-612
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    • 2004
  • Die vorliegende Arbeit bezieht sich auf die Probleme, ob eine Vereinbarung, in der einer der Parteien oder den beiden ein Wahlrecht zwischen ordentlichem Gericht und Schiedsgericht eingeraumt ist, als eine wirksame Schiedsvereinbarung anzusehen ist, wem das Wahlrecht zuzustehen ist und wie das Wahlrecht auszuuben ist. Im Hinblick auf diese Problematik stehen nicht nur in der Literatur sondern auch in der Praxis die Meinungen einander kontrar gegenuber. Die Wirksamkeit einer wahlweisen Vereinbarung zwischen Schiedsund Staatsgericht ergibt sich vor allem aus dem Wesen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, dem allgemeinen Personlichkeitsrecht i.V.m. Vertragsfreiheit und nicht zuletzt dem effektiven Rechtsschutz. Weil es fur das schiedsgerichtliche Verfahren wesentlich ist, dass es an die Stelle des sonst offenstehenden Verfahrens vor den Staatsgerichten tritt und nach dem Erlass des Schiedsspruchs die Beschreitung des ordentlichen Rechtswegs auszuschliessen ist, ist es erforderlich, den Parteien die Erledigung des Rechtsstreits auf verschiedene Weise zu gewahrleisten. Das tragt auch zum effektiven Rechtsschutz der Parteien bei. Ausserdem ist es nicht einzusehen, warum es rechtlich nicht moglich sein sollte, die Vertragsschliessenden sich gegenseitig das Wahlrecht zwischen Schiedsgericht und Staatsgericht einzuraumen. Die Vertragsfreiheit bzw. das allgemeine Personlichkeitsrecht gilt auch fur Schiedsvertrage. Wenn die Parteiautonomie im Privatrecht ihren Sinn behalten sollte, ist es notwendig, den Parteiwillen in dem wortlichen Ausdruck und in seinem Sinngehalt bestehen zu lassen. Damit steht fest, dass gegen die Einraumung eines Wahlrechts zwischen staatlichem Gericht und Schiedsgericht grundsatzlich keine Bedenken bestehen. Das Hauptproblem der wahlweisen Vereinbarung zwischen Schiedsund Staatsgericht liegt nicht in ihrer Wirksamkeit, vielmehr in den einzelnen Problemen hinsichtlich des Wahlrechts, namlich das Subjekt, die Art und Weise der Ausubung des Wahlrechts usw. Das Wahlrecht kann aufgrund der Parteivereinbarung nur einer Partei vorbehalten bleiben oder beiden eingeraumt werden. Anders als die Ansicht des hochsten Gerichtshofes ist von der Bindung der Partei an die Ausubung des Wahlrechts auszugehen, wenn die andere yon dem Wahlrecht Gebrauch macht. In bezug auf die Bindung bedarf es im Prinzip keiner erganzenden Vereinbarung, denn mit dem Verneinen dieser Bindung wurde zugleich das Wahlrecht selbst geleugnet. Ein Verbrauch des Wahlrechts ist anzunehmen, sobald die Klage vor dem staatlichen Gericht erhoben oder das Schiedsverfahren eingeleitet wurde. Steht das Wahlrecht nur einer Partei zu, ist es entsprechend §381 KBGB Frist zu setzen, nach deren fruchtlosem Ablauf das Wahlrecht ubergeht.

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Correlation between the Salmonella seroprevalence on farms and the isolation rate from slaughtered pigs and antimicrobial resistance from the isolates (양돈장 살모넬라 혈청 양성율과 도축돈 살모넬라균 분리율의 상관관계 및 분리 균주의 항생제 내성)

  • Kim, Kyung-Eon;An, Jong-Min;Yang, Byung-Hun;Park, Yeong-Hee;Park, Mi-Young;Jung, Joon-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.233-240
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    • 2014
  • Salmonella spp. are one of the most common bacteria that causes heavy losses in swine industry and have implications for public health. In this study, the correlation between Salmonella seroprev-alence on farms and the isolation rate from slaughtered pigs was analyzed and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated Salmonella spp. was investigated. A total of 3,001 serum samples for ELISA were collected from 17 farms during two consecutive years (2012-2013). The mean values of ELISA OD% for each 8 age groups were as follows; gilt 27.83 (n=472), sow 23.75 (n=367), 150 days (d) of pig 16.53 (n=278), 130 d 11.87 (n=366), 100 d 9.46 (n=378), 20 d 9.17 (n=394), 70 d 6.56 (n=382), 40 d 3.72 (n=364). From July 2013 to January 2014, a total of 53 (8.0%) Salmonella strains were isolated from 665 slaughtered pigs shipped from those 17 farms. The mean values of ELISA OD% for each age groups serum samples that were collected in the second half of 2013 showed a positive correlation at 100 d (0.61, P<0.05), 130 d (0.45, P<0.1) with the isolation rate of Salmonella spp. in the slaughtered pigs. All the isolates were identified by a real-time PCR and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. As a result, the predominant serovar was S. Typhimurium (52.8%) and there were 15 strains showing their own antimicrobial resistance pattern. All strains were susceptible to amoxicillin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and some of them were resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline (60%), ampicillin (53.3%), chloramphenicol (33.3%), respectively.

Zur orthographischen Diskussion $\"{u}ber$ die Probleme der graphischen Bezeichnung der $Vokalquantit\"{a}t$ im Deutschen (독일어의 모음 장$\cdot$단음표기에 대한 정서법적 논쟁 고찰)

  • Lee Jinhee
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.5
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    • pp.359-374
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    • 2002
  • Die graphische Markierung der $Vokalquantit\"{a}t$ im Deutschen gilt als komplex und schwerlembar. Die Gemination von Konsonantbuchstaben gehort auch zu den $auff\"{a}lligsten$ Erscheinungen der deutschen Orthographie. Da hierzu verschiedene Mittel eingesetzt werden. In der Mehrzahl der $F\"{a}lle\;bleibt\;die\;Vokalquantit\"{a}t$ unbezeichnet, $Vokall\"{a}nge$ e, a, o durch Doppelvokal, bei i durch oder generell durch Dehnungs -h markiert. Das Thema ist insbesondere seit Mitte der 80er Jahre immer wieder behandelt worden und zwar unter linguistischen wie didaktischen, unter psycholinguistischen Wie schrifttheoretischen Gesichtspunkten. $Zun\"{a}chst$ versucht man, die Regelhaftigkeit der $Qunatit\"{a}tsbezeichnungen\;aus\;der\;Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ phonotaktischer Gegebenheiten zu $begr\"{u}nden$. Und um im Datail zu untersuchen, $w\"{a}hlt$ man einen Teilaspekt der Thematik aus, die $Vokalk\"{u}rze$ und ihre Bezeichnung durch die Doppelkonsonanzschreibung: 1) der akzentbasierte Ansatz und 2) der phonembasierte Ansatz. Beide $Ans\"{a}tze$ haben gemeinsam, dass sie zwar den Datenbereich im $gro{\ss}en$ und ganzen und ganz recht gut abdecken, aber von einer Beschreibung nicht weiner $Erkl\"{a}rung$ der Wortschreibung $versto{\ss}en.\;W\"{u}nschenswert$ ist daher ein Beschreibungsansatz $f\"{u}r$ die Konsonantenverdoppelung, der zum einen sowohl die Phonem- als auch die Akzentstruktur einbezieht, Will anderen die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Schreibungen auf den Leseprozess ins Auge fasst.

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Das Pluralsystem der Substantive im Deutschen (독일어 명사의 복수체계)

  • Kim Tae-Seong
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.8
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    • pp.25-60
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    • 2003
  • Die Pluralformen (-(e), -( e)n, -'e, -'er, -s) sind durch die Flexionsklassen detenniniert. Basierend auf Genus und prosodischen Eigenschaften werden Plural­klassen unterschieden. Unter den Substantiven mit konsonantischem Wortauslaut wahlen die Feminina den (e)n-Plural, die Maskulina und Neutra im Allgemeinen aber den (e)-Plural. Es ist also anzunehmen, dass es fur jede Flexionsklasse eine vorhersagbare regulare Pluralbildung gibt Die Bildungen mit Umlaut (-'(e)-PI. und -'er-Pl) unterscheiden sich durch die deutlicheren, $verst\"{a}rkten$ Pl.-Markierungen vom einfachen Typ. Im Hinblick auf die $Regularit\"{a]ten$ im Pluralsystem ist festzustellen, dass die Numerusmarkierung bei den Feminina konsequenter ist als bei den Maskulina und Neutra. Im Weiteren spielt bei der Beschreibung der Pluralbildung der Begriff Markiertheit eine $gro{\ss}e$ Rolle. $Anschlie{\ss}end$ wird gezeigt, dass das Pluralsystem nach $Beschr\"{a}nkungen$ aufgebaut ist, die silbenphonologischer und morphologischer Natur sind. Im Rahmen der $Optim\"{a}litatstheorie$ werden die Pluralanalysen von Wegener und Wunderlich vorgestellt. Dabei werden die verschiedenartigen Pluralbildungen mithilfe zusammengestellter Begriffsinstrumentarien, die $f\"{u}r$ die Auswahl einer guten Pluralform ausreichen, vereinfacht dargestellt. Damit bestatigt sich das Plural system im Deutschen als nach klaren Prinzipien geordnet, wenn es auch komplex ist. $Schlie{\ss}lich$ wird der s-Plural als markierte Pluralform $ausf\"{u}hrlich$ gezeigt. Die These, der s-Plural sei der Defaultwert und einzige $regul\"{a}re$ Plural im Deutschen, gilt nur mit $Einschr\"{a}nkung$, da dieser Typ $haupts\"{a}chlich$ in bestimmten Bereichen des Wortschatzes auftritt. Es $w\"{a}re$ also angebracht, den s-Plural als 'unmarkierte Pluralform im markierten Bereich' anzusehen.

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On-site conservation of a gilt bronze crown (발굴현장 수습 유물 보존처리)

  • Yu, Jae-Eun
    • 보존과학연구
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    • s.20
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    • pp.49-64
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    • 1999
  • According to damage of papers by the chemical cause, papers become to acidify. Among the 3 kinds of method measuring the acidity of paper, one was nondestructive method measuring the surface of the paper by flat type electrode and the others were destructive methods measuring directly by cold water extract method and hot water extract method. In case of the cellulolytic cultural properties, the latter methods were not applied because those methods must bedissociated papers. To measure the paper acidity nondestructively, we investigated the correlation of the nondestructive method and the destructive methods. The conclusions are as follows. 1) In the relationship of the cold water extract method and the hot water extract method, It was indicated that the pH measured by the hot water extract method was high quality printing paper 0.08, rough printing paper 0.13, and Korean paper 0.29 higher than that by the cold water extract method.2) In the relationship of the cold water extract method and the surface measurement method, It showed that the pH value measured by the cold water extract method was high quality printing paper 1.86, rough printing paper 0.80,and Korean paper 0.58 higher than value that by the surface measurement.3) In the relationship of the hot water extract method and the surface measurement method, It showed that the pH value measured by the hot ABSTRACT water extract method was high quality printing paper 1.78, rough printing paper 0.66, and Korean paper 0.29 higher than that by the surface measurement. From the above-mentioned results, the pH value measured by the surface measurement was need to high about 1.78∼1.86 in high quality printing paper, 0.66-0.80 in rough printing paper, and 0.29∼0.58 in Korean paper and the surface measurement with flat type electrode was very available to measure the acidity of Korean papers actually.

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Production Method of Wooden Seated Bodhisattva from Gwaneumsa Temple, Wando (완도 관음사 목조보살좌상의 제작 방법)

  • Kwak, Eungyung;Lee, Hyejin;Yu, Sohyun;Son, Jongmin
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.18
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    • pp.77-92
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    • 2017
  • This study is based on a scientific analysis of the production method of the wooden seated Bodhisattva statue from Gwaneumsa Temple in Wando, which is currently housed at Chonnam National University Museum. The purpose was to investigate the characteristics of the statue's production through an X-ray inspection of the wooden timbers that make up its base material, a composition analysis of the surface layers, and microscopic observation. The votive prayers found together with the statue allowed the precise dating of the artifact to the sixteenth century, during the Joseon Dynasty. The X-ray transmission identified the statue as being made using the "ilmokjo"(一木造) technique, which means that the entirety of the statue excluding the right hand was produced using a single block of wood. The specimen analysis of the naturally exfoliated surface layer revealed that the current surface was coated with brass to restore the original gilt layer. These research findings added an interesting case to the existing related research and reaffirmed the academic value of this statue.