• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2006

Objectives : This study was carried out to characterize the 'Kaolinitum' used as mineral medicine before and after physical and chemical manipulation. Methods : The mineralogy of the original raw kaolinitumes with different localities was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The concentrations of major, minor and trace elements of samples, furthermore, measured by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In order to understand the variety of kaolinitum after thermal treatment, the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out. Results : According to the result of X-ray diffraction analysis, the kaolinitumes are composed ofcalcite, alunite and quartz. Si and Al are the major ions and heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cu are included in the kaolinitumes as trace ions. The concentration of these metals in the samples decreased after physical and chemical manipulation. The weight of kaolinitum was also decreased at $500^{\circ}C$ and about $700^{\circ}C$during experiment of TGA. Conclusion : The results of this study can be used to provide the scientific basis of the medical usage of kaolinitum.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.180-190
• /
• 2005

경상남도 합천군에 건설 중인 도로사면에 당초 설계와는 다른 암질 및 불연속면이 분포하고 있다. 따라서 당초 설계와는 달리 소규모 산사태가 발생되어 정상적인 공사추진에 애로사항이 있으므로, 현장조사 및 실내작업을 통하여 지정된 사면에 대한 전체적인 지질공학적인 분석을 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 측량, 슈미트해머(Schimidt Hammer) 시험, 불연속면 조사를 시행하였고 실내에서 DIPS 프로그램을 이용하여 사면의 안정성을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 평면, 전도 및 쐐기파괴의 가능성이 있으며 용출수가 집중되는 곳이 있으므로 이에 대한 보강 공사가 요구되고 있다.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2006

산청지역에 분포하는 중생대 심성암 복합체의 하나로 산출되는 섬장암체에 대한 Rb-Sr 연대측정을 실시하였다 그 결과 $211{\pm}23(2\sigma)$ Ma의 연대와 $0.70598{\pm}0.00060$의 $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ 초기치를 구했다. 이러한 연대는 산청 섬장암이 중생대의 삼첩기-쥬라기 경계시기 부근에 형성된 암체임을 확인한다. 또한 낮은 $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ 초기치는 산청 섬장암의 생성과정에 오래된 지각물질의 영향이 적었음을 의미한다. 산청-마천 지역과 바로 인접한 북측의 함양-거창 지역에서 산출되는 동시기의 심성암체들 암상은 각각 섬장암-석록암-반려암과 화강암-화강섬록암으로 대조적이다. 또한 $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ 초기치 역시 대조적인 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 차이는 국지적인 지구조적 환경의 차이를 반영하는 것일 가능성을 제기한다.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.581-592
• /
• 2013

본 사례연구논문에서는 유럽에서의 지열에너지개발과 관련된 연구프로젝트의 현황에 대한 개괄적인 내용과, 저자가 참여했던 GEISER프로젝트(Geothermal Engineering Integrating Mitigation of Induced Seismicity in Reservoirs)와 핵심세부과제인 유도지진(Induced Seismicity)에 관한 연구결과를 요약 정리하였다. 본 사례연구 논문에서 다룬 GEISER프로젝트의 연구결과와 교훈을 통해 수리자극에 의한 지열저류층 개발과 그에 수반되는 유도지진에 따른 문제가 예상되는 향후 지열에너지개발 프로젝트에 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2005

백악기 경상누층군의 하양층군에 속하는 신라역암의 화산암력들에 대한 각섬석 $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ 연대측정을 실시하여 $113.4{\pm}2.4(2{\sigma})$ Ma의 결과를 얻었다. 이 연대는 Aptian의 최상부 시기이다. 기존의 절대연령 측정결과를 종합검토하여 하양층군을 구성하는 각 층들의 퇴적시기를 다음과 같이 한정할 수 있었다. 진동층의 퇴적은 약 96∼97Ma의 시기로부터 15Ma 정도 지속되었다. 이는 Cenomanian 중에 퇴적이 시작되어 Santonian 까지 퇴적된 것은 거의 확실하며, Campanian의 하부까지 포함할 가능성이 높다. 이 연구에서는 Campanian의 초기인 81~80Ma의 시기를 하양층군과 유천층군의 경계시기로 제안한다. 신라역암의 퇴적시기는 Albian 초기, 함안층의 퇴적시기는 Albian의 나머지와 Cenomanian까지로 볼 수 있다. 칠곡층의 퇴적은 Aptian 최후기에 걸쳐 일어났을 가능성이 높은 것으로 추정된다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.421-434
• /
• 2005

미국 네바다주의 칼린형 금광상을 모델로 강원도 예미지역에 대한 칼린형 금광상의 잠재력을 평가하였다 연구지역에 분포하는 고생대 퇴적암은 스러스트 단층 및 습곡으로 구성된 뚜렷한 구조적 규제를 받았으며, 고각의 단층과 투수성이 큰 예미각력암 및 호층의 석회질 이암층이 결합되어 있다. 남부 지역에 분포하는 석회암에 대한 탈륨, 안티몬, 비소, 은, 납, 아연, 구리, 몰리브덴 및 텅스텐에 대한 원소부화도의 분포 양상은 칼린형 금광상과 지구화학적 유사성을 나타낸다. 또한, 탄소와 산소동위원소 값은 이들 지역이 광역적으로 열수의 영향을 받았음을 지시한다. 연구지역에 대한 지질구조, 화학분석, 변질광물 감정 및 안정 동위원소 분석 및 지구물리학적 해석 견과, 광화대는 북동부 방향으로 연장될 가능성이 높으며 이를 확인하기 위해서 앞으로 체계적인 정밀탐사가 필요하다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제48권12호
• /
• pp.1097-1102
• /
• 2010

Silver coated copper powders were prepared by a chemical reduction method with controlling the deposition process variables such as the feeding rate of the silver ionic solution and concentration of the reductants at room temperature. The characteristics of the products were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA) and a 4 probe resistivity measurement system. The optimum condition of the preparation of Ag coated Cu powders was at 0.05 M of potassium sodium tartrate and 2 ml/min of the feeding rate of the silver ionic solution. Our method successfully produced dense, uniform, and well-dispersed Ag coated Cu powder of $2{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$ witha silver layer of 100~200 nm. Additionally, we found that thespecific resistivity of the 30 wt.% Ag coated Cu powder was similar to that of pure silver, so that the composite powder could be used as an alternative electromagnetic shielding material for silver.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.167-178
• /
• 2019

Open-pit (OP) and underground (UG) mining are usually used to exploit shallow and deep ore deposits, respectively. When mine deposit starts from shallow subsurface and extends to a great depth, sequential use of OP and UG mining is an efficient and economical way to maintain mining productivity. However, a transition from OP to UG mining could induce significant rock movements that cause the slope instability of the open pit. Based on Yanqianshan Iron Mine, which was in the transition from OP to UG mining, a large-scale two-dimensional (2D) model test was built according to the similar theory. Thereafter, the UG mining was carried out to mimic the process of transition from OP to UG mining to disclose the triggered rock movement as well as to assess the associated slope instability. By jointly using three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, distributed fiber optics, and digital photogrammetry measurement, the deformations, movements and strains of the rock slope during mining were monitored. The obtained data showed that the transition from OP to UG mining led to significant slope movements and deformations that can trigger catastrophic slope failure. The progressive movement of the slope could be divided into three stages: onset of micro-fracture, propagation of tensile cracks, and the overturning and/or sliding of slopes. The failure mode depended on the orientation of structural joints of the rock mass as well as the formation of tension cracks. This study also proved that these non-contact monitoring technologies were valid methods to acquire the interior strain and external deformation with high precision.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.187-199
• /
• 2022

Kriging metamodel, as a flexible machine learning method for approximating deterministic analysis models of an engineering system, has been widely used for efficiently estimating slope reliability in recent years. However, the autocorrelation function (ACF), a key input to Kriging that affects the accuracy of reliability estimation, is usually selected based on empiricism. This paper proposes an adaption of the Kriging method, named as Genetic Algorithm optimized Whittle-Matérn Kriging (GAWMK), for addressing this issue. The non-classical two-parameter Whittle-Matérn (WM) function, which can represent different ACFs in the Matérn family by controlling a smoothness parameter, is adopted in GAWMK to avoid subjectively selecting ACFs. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize the WM model to adaptively select the optimal autocorrelation structure of the GAWMK model. Monte Carlo simulation is then performed based on GAWMK for a subsequent slope reliability analysis. Applications to one explicit analytical example and two slope examples are presented to illustrate and validate the proposed method. It is found that reliability results estimated by the Kriging models using randomly chosen ACFs might be biased. The proposed method performs reasonably well in slope reliability estimation.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.303-316
• /
• 2023

Rapid post-earthquake damage estimation of subway stations is particularly necessary to improve short-term crisis management and safety measures of urban subway systems after a destructive earthquake. The conventional Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework with constant earthquake occurrence rate is invalid to estimate the aftershock risk because of the time-varying rate of aftershocks and the uncertainty of mainshock-damaged state before the occurrence of aftershocks. This study presents a time-varying probabilistic seismic risk assessment framework for underground structures considering mainshock and aftershock hazards. A discrete non-omogeneous Markov process is adopted to quantify the time-varying nature of aftershock hazard and the uncertainties of structural damage states following mainshock. The time-varying seismic risk of a typical rectangular frame subway station is assessed under mainshock-only (MS) hazard and mainshock-aftershock (MSAS) hazard. The results show that the probabilities of exceeding same limit states over the service life under MSAS hazard are larger than the values under MS hazard. For the same probability of exceedance, the higher response demands are found when aftershocks are considered. As the severity of damage state for the station structure increases, the difference of the probability of exceedance increases when aftershocks are considered. PSDR=1.0% is used as the collapse prevention performance criteria for the subway station is reasonable for both the MS hazard and MSAS hazard. However, if the effect of aftershock hazard is neglected, it can significantly underestimate the response demands and the uncertainties of potential damage states for the subway station over the service life.