• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.511-524
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• 2020

In this research, a simple four-variable trigonometric integral shear deformation model is proposed for the static behavior of advanced functionally graded (AFG) ceramic-metal plates supported by a two-parameter elastic foundation and subjected to a nonlinear hygro-thermo-mechanical load. The elastic properties, including both the thermal expansion and moisture coefficients of the plate, are also supposed to be varied within thickness direction by following a power law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the components of the material. The interest of the current theory is seen in its kinematics that use only four independent unknowns, while first-order plate theory and other higher-order plate theories require at least five unknowns. The "in-plane displacement field" of the proposed theory utilizes cosine functions in terms of thickness coordinates to calculate out-of-plane shear deformations. The vertical displacement includes flexural and shear components. The elastic foundation is introduced in mathematical modeling as a two-parameter Winkler-Pasternak foundation. The virtual displacement principle is applied to obtain the basic equations and a Navier solution technique is used to determine an analytical solution. The numerical results predicted by the proposed formulation are compared with results already published in the literature to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed theory. The influences of "moisture concentration", temperature, stiffness of foundation, shear deformation, geometric ratios and volume fraction variation on the mechanical behavior of AFG plates are examined and discussed in detail.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2016

연료집합체의 지지격자에 설치된 혼합날개는 난류 강화 기구로서 부수로 내부에서 선회류 또는 연료봉 간극사이에서 횡류를 발생시켜 대류열전달을 증진시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 혼합날개의 기하학적인 형상 및 배열 형태는 혼합날개의 성능을 결정하는 중요한 인자이다. 본 연구에서는 OECD/NEA의 벤치마크 계산에서 활용된 분할 형태의 혼합날개가 장착된 $5{\times}5$ 연료집합체 내부에서의 유동분포 특성을 파악하기 위해 상용 전산유체역학 소프트웨어인 ANSYS CFX R.14를 사용하여 계산을 수행하였고, 계산결과를 MATiS-H 시험장치의 측정값과 비교하였다. 또한 분할 형태의 혼합날개 형상이 연료집합체 내부유동 형태에 미치는 영향에 대해 설명하였다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 하천에서 흐름방향 유속의 횡분포식에 기반하여 1차원 종분산계수를 이론적으로 유도하고 이들의 타당성을 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 논문의 전편 "I. 흐름방향 유속의 횡포식"에서는 Shiono-Knight Model (일명 SKM)을 도입하여 삼각형 단면수로에서 횡분포식을 해석적으로 유도하였다. 본 논문의 후편 "II. 종분산계수"에서는 전편에서 유도된 유속의 횡분포식을 Fischer (1968)의 삼중 적분식에 대입하여 1차원 종분산계수 이론식을 새롭게 개발하였다. 본래 SKM은 Navier-Stokes 방정식을 근간으로 개발되어 주로 직선수로이면서 사다리꼴 단면이나 복단면 수로에 적용되어 왔지만, 본 연구에서는 사행으로인한 최심선의 변동을 고려할 수 있는 삼각형을 단면형상으로 가정하였다. 유도된 해석해를 검증하기 위해 자연하천에서 실측된 유속자료와 비교 분석하였다. 또한 유도된 횡분포식을 이용하여 단면평균유속을 산정하고, 이를 Manning의 유속식의 결과와 비교 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 이론식은 비록 유속의 횡분포를 경우에 따라서 섬세하게 재현하지는 못하더라도 조도계수를 포함한 몇 가지 기본적인 수리 및 지형자료만 측량한다면 유속의 관측없이 비교적 정확한 유속분포를 산출해 낼 수 있는 장점이 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1998

Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD), one of optical fiber preform fabrication processes, is performed by deposition of submicron-size silica particles that are synthesized by combustion of raw chemical materials. In this study, flow field is assumed to be a forced uniform flow perpendicularly impinging on a rotating disk. Similarity solutions obtained in our previous study are utilized to solve the particle transport equation. The particles are approximated to be in a polydisperse state that satisfies a lognormal size distribution. A moment model is used in order to predict distributions of particle number density and size simultaneously. Deposition of the particles on the disk is examined considering convection, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, and coagulation with variations of the forced flow velocity and the disk rotating velocity. The deposition rate and the efficiency directly increase as the flow velocity increases, resulting from that the increase of the forced flow velocity causes thinner thermal and diffusion boundary layer thicknesses and thus causes the increase of thermophoretic drift and Brownian diffusion of the particles toward the disk. However, the increase of the disk rotating speed does not result in the direct increase of the deposition rate and the deposition efficiency. Slower flow velocity causes extension of the time scale for coagulation and thus yields larger mean particle size and its geometric standard deviation at the deposition surface. In the case of coagulation starting farther from the deposition surface, coagulation effects increases, resulting in the increase of the particle size and the decrease of the deposition rate at the surface.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1994

Applications of liposomes as a drug carrier for the oral delivery of poorly-absorbable macromolecular drugs have been limited, because of their instability in gastrointestinal environments including pH, bile salts, and digestive enzymes. Two polysaccharides, dextran(DX) and pullulan(PL), were introduced to the preformed liposomes in order to enhance the stability. Palmitoyl derivatives of polysaccharides, palmitoyldextran(PalDX) and palmitoylpullulan(PalPL), were synthesizd and introduced to the liposomes during preparation for the same purpose of stability. The effects of these polysaccharides coating were evaluated basically by physical properties of particle size distribution and optical microscopy, then compared with uncoated liposomes by the observations of both in vitro stability and in vovo absorption characteristics. The geometric mean diameters of polysaccharide-coated liposomes were greater than that of uncoated liposome, showing the outermost polysaccharide-coated layer under the optical microscopy. In vitro stabilities of uncoated or polysaccharides-coated liposomes were measured by turbidity changes in various pH buffer solutions containing sodium choleate as bile salts. While uncoated liposome was very sensitive to bile salts, polysaccharides-coated liposomes were stable in relatively higher concentrations of sodium choleate, giving the results of better stability of PalDX- and PalPL-coated liposomes than that of DX- and PL-coated liposomes. After liposomal encapsulation of acyclovir(ACV), an antiviral agent as a model drug, it has been administered orally to rats as dose of ACV 40 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations of ACV were assayed by HPLC and analyzed by model-independent pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, tmax, and [AUC] have been compared.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2016

Objectives: Aluminum is well known as a potent neurotoxicant. There are many reports that aluminum can be toxic to humans and to animals. However, there are only few studies on the assessment of aluminum exposure among humans in Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate current aluminum concentrations among the adult population in regions of Korea. Methods: We selected 439 adults aged 20-89 years from the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region and certain other sites. Blood aluminum concentrations were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). The geometric means (GM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of aluminum concentrations were calculated, and we also confirmed the proportion of excess of the aluminum reference value. Results: Total GM (95% CI) of aluminum levels was 14.26 (13.43-15.14) ppb. Levels among males (15.58 [14.09-17.22] ppb) were higher compared to among females (13.51 [12.54-14.55] ppb), and levels increased with subject age from 40 years and over. Three point one nine percent of the subjects exceed the reference value of 50 ppb. Lastly, aluminum concentration has a log-normal distribution with lnN (x; 2.89, 0.642), x>0. Conclusion: In the present study, we evaluated the distribution of blood aluminum concentrations among the normal population in Korea, and we found some adults exceeding the reference levels. However, in order to compare the results with other studies, an extended study including measurement of serum aluminum level is required. In addition, further research on various population groups, including occupational exposure of workers, is required.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.348-357
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in the soil and the level of heavy metals in the blood or urine of 216 local residents living near abandoned metal mines. Methods: Residents around abandoned metal mines were interviewed about their dietary habits, including seafood consumption, medical history, cigarette smoking, and drug history. Metal concentrations in the soil were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan). Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents in the blood or urine were analyzed by GF-AAS (AA-6800, Shimadzu). Mercury (Hg) contents in the blood were determined by means of a mercury analyzer (SP-3DS, NIC). Arsenic (As) content in the soil and urine were measured by a HG-AAS (hydride vapor generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Results: The heavy metal concentrations in the soil showed a log normal distribution and the geometric means of the four villages were 8.61 mg/kg for Pb, 0.19 mg/kg for Cd, 1.81 mg/kg for As and 0.035 mg/kg for Hg. The heavy metal levels of the 216 local residents showed a regular distribution for Pb, Cd, Hg in the blood and As in the urine. The arithmetic means were 3.37 ${\mu}g$/dl for Pb, 3.07 ${\mu}g$/l for Cd and 2.32 ${\mu}g$/l for Hg, 10.41 ${\mu}g$/l for As, respectively. Conclusions: As a result of multi-variate analysis for the affecting factors on the bodily heavy metal concentrations, gender and concentration in the soil (each, p<0.01) for blood lead levels; gender and smoking status (each, p<0.01) for blood cadmium levels; gender (p<0.01) for urine arsenic levels; gender, age and concentration in the soil (p<0.01) for blood mercury levels were shown to be the affecting factors.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2011

Parallel imaging technique can provide several advantages for a multitude of MRI applications. Especially, in SENSE technique, sensitivity maps were always required in order to determine the reconstruction matrix, therefore, a number of difference approaches using sensitivity information from coils have been demonstrated to improve of image quality. Moreover, many filtering methods were proposed such as adaptive matched filter and nonlinear diffusion technique to optimize the suppression of background noise and to improve of image quality. In this study, we performed SENSE reconstruction using computer simulations to confirm the most suitable method for the feasibility of filtering effect and according to changing order of polynomial fit that were applied on variation of spatial resolution of sensitivity map. The image was obtained at 0.32T(Magfinder II, Genpia, Korea) MRI system using spin-echo pulse sequence(TR/TE = 500/20 ms, FOV = 300 mm, matrix = $128{\times}128$, thickness = 8 mm). For the simulation, obtained image was multiplied with four linear-array coil sensitivities which were formed of 2D-gaussian distribution and the image was complex white gaussian noise was added. Image processing was separated to apply two methods which were polynomial fitting and filtering according to spatial resolution of sensitivity map and each coil image was subsampled corresponding to reduction factor(r-factor) of 2 and 4. The results were compared to mean value of geomety factor(g-factor) and artifact power(AP) according to r-factor 2 and 4. Our results were represented while changing of spatial resolution of sensitivity map and r-factor, polynomial fit methods were represented the better results compared with general filtering methods. Although our result had limitation of computer simulation study instead of applying to experiment and coil geometric array such as linear, our method may be useful for determination of optimal sensitivity map in a linear coil array.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2017

세계 최초의 정지궤도 해양관측위성 센서인 천리안해양관측위성(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager; GOCI)은 적조, 녹조, 모자반, 냉수대, 태풍 등의 해양재해를 실시간으로 모니터링하여 피해를 최소화하는데 활용될 수 있다. 이와 같은 활용성을 극대화하기 위해, 이 논문에서는 천리안해양관측위성의 자료처리 방법 및 절차에 관하여 기술하고 있다. 천리안해양관측위성의 자료처리는 크게 수신, 처리, 저장, 배포로 구분되며, 자료의 종류는 Raw, Level 1, Level 2 등으로 나눠진다. Raw 자료는 위성으로부터 수신한 직후의 자료로 구조화되기 이전의 자료를 의미하고, Level 1 자료는 방사보정 및 기하보정을 통하여 2차원으로 구조화한 반사도 자료를 의미하며, Level 2 자료는 Level 1 반사도 자료에 다양한 해색 알고리즘을 적용하여 엽록소농도, 부유물질농도 등을 추출한 해색자료를 의미한다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2015

저선량 조사는 낮은 선량을 지속적으로 장기간 조사시키기 때문에 조사되는 마우스들에 대한 선량분포를 정확히 알고 있어야만 한다. 본 연구는 저선량 방사선에 대한 생물학적 영향평가를 위하여 동남권원자력의학원 연구센터에 설치된 $^{137}Cs$ 조사장치에 대하여 마우스조사 실험 시 마우스에 원하고자 하는 선량을 전달하기 위한 방법에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 마우스에 원하고자 하는 정확한 선량을 전달하기 위하여 선원에 대하여 동일한 위치에 마우스 케이지 45개를 설치할 수 있는 아파트를 자체 개발하였으며, 개발된 마우스 아파트 시스템에 대한 선량평가를 하기 위하여 유리선량계(glass dosimeter)를 실험용 마우스 머리와 배에 삽입한 후 기존 조사 시스템과 자체 개발한 마우스 아파트 시스템에 대해 비교 선량평가를 수행하였다. 기존시스템의 조사방식에서 최대 42%의 선량차이를 보였으며 개발한 마우스 아파트 시스템은 6% 이내의 선량차이를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 마우스 아파트를 활용한 저선량 방사선에 대한 생물학적 영향평가 연구는 전달하고자 하는 선량을 보다 정확하게 제공할 수 있으며, 생물학적 분석결과에 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있다.