• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-311
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• 2013

The arbitration parties may disagree with the arbitrator's award about whether they are eligible for the dispute case. While lots of disputes cases relating to subrogation are arising, it is not easy to find subrogation arbitration system to handle them clearly. The main issue is an availability of subrogation arbitration in case of the dispute which the insurer requests the arbitration against the carrier according to the arbitration clause of Bill of Lading. The direct parties of arbitration clause of the B/L are the carrier and the holder of the B/L. Could the insurer get the position of the arbitration party in stead of the holder of the B/L after compensation if there was an accident of insurance on the way of carriage? Even though there are a few arbitral awards of subrogation, the reason of the eligibility of subrogation arbitration is not enough. This paper scrutinized precedent research papers, arbitration awards, judicial precedents, and the Automobile Subrogation Arbitration System. Vague dispute resolution system which burden corporations with so many costs must be not good for business. In the view of economic efficiency, blank of contract, reciprocality, and Coase Theorem, it is recommended that subrogation arbitration system for the international trade would be better focus on the hypothesis of "Firm Offer Character of Arbitration Clause."

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Salmonella infections cause the disease in pigs but also some zoonotic Salmonella serotypes can be transmitted to human through swine products, resulting in food poisoning. The objective of this study was to investigate the bacteriological prevalence and detection of invA gene using Salmonella specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the epidemiological characteristics related to Salmonella strains cultured from pig samples in Gangwon areas using serotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods. During the period of November 2001 through April 2002, 1,174 ileocecal lymph node were collected from the slaughtered pigs raised in 38 farms located in Gangwon province. The samples were submerged in boiling water and macerated in saline and lymph node homogenates were inoculated into Tetrathionate broth with iodine (TTB, Difco, 0.5% iodine was added) for enrichment growth. Then additional tests were performed using several mediums, and suspects were identified by API 20E kit (BioMerieux) and PCR. Of total 1,174 samples from 38 farms, 44 (3.7%) were isolated as Salmonella spp from 13 farms (34.2%). Of 44 isolates, 31 were in Yangyang region, followed by 9 in Goseong, 2 in both Gangneung and Sokcho. However, there was no difference in regional isolation frequency. All isolates have a 521bp amplified product in Salmonella specific PCR with primer invA which encodes in proteins for invasion of epithelial cells. Of 44 recovered serotypes, 23 (52.3%) were S Eingedi, 10 (22.7%) S Schwarzengrund, 9 (20.5%) S Typhimurium, and 2 (4.5%) S Mbandaka. In RAPD analysis, there appeared to be unique bands distinguishing each serotype, although similarities exist between the different serotypes. Four serotypes of 44 Salmonella isolates appeared to fall into 14 different RAPD types. In PFGE analysis, 9 S Typhimurium were tested with XbaI enzyme and SpeI enzyme. The combination of results obtained with two enzymes subdivided the 9 S Typhimurium into 4 PFGE types.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.294-300
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• 2014

This study was performed to determine the effect of brown algae on the egg quality of laying hens fed a non-supplemented diet (Control) and a diet supplemented with 10% Undaria pinnatifida (A), Laminaria religiosa (B), and Hijikia fusiforme (C), respectively. Isa Brown (28 weeks old) were raised for 8 weeks. The darkness, redness, and blueness of the egg yolks increased with the addition of brown algae, expecially Undaria pinnatifida (A). The fucoxanthin contents were observed to be only 21.3-34.8 mg% level in the brown algae but they were nearly traced in the egg yolks. Among the analyzed minerals, the Ca, Fe, K contents increased to 391.2, 6.3, and 450.5 mg%, respectively, but the amount of P was reduced to 110.5 mg%. The total mineral contents were higher in the egg yolk with Hijikia fusiforme (C) (1,155.1 mg%) than with any other supplement. The brown algae diet reduced the saturated fatty acid level from 38.3 to 32.1% but increased the unsaturated fatty acid level from 61.5 to 69.6% owing to the rise of the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.787-799
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of metallic elements and the control effect of marine pollution caused by ocean dumping in the sediments at a waste disposal area in the Yellow Sea. In July 2009, concentrations of organic matter and metallic elements (Al, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were measured in surface sediments at the site. The ignition loss (IL) in the surface sediments showed a mean value of 15.4%, about 1.5 times higher than the mean value of the sediments in the coastal areas of Korea. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) at some disposal sites exceeded 20 mg $O_2/g{\cdot}dry$, which signifies the initial concentration of marine sediment pollutants in Japan. The disposal sites contain higher concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn than the sediments of bays and estuaries that might be contaminated. The magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and adverse biological effects suggest that pollution with Cr and Ni occurred due to the dumping of waste in the study area. In addition, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that the surface sediments were moderately contaminated. By the mid-2000s, when the amount of waste dumped at this site was the highest, the concentration of metallic elements was higher than ever recorded. On the other hand, in 2008-09, the need for environmental management was relatively low compare with the peak. As a result, the quality of marine sediment has been enhanced, considering the effect of waste reduction and natural dilution in the disposal area.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.803-813
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• 2013

The purchase of items in e-commerce is a little bit different from that of items in off-line. The recommendation of items in off-line is conducted by salespersons' recommendation, However, the item recommendation in e-commerce cannot be recommended by salespersons, and so different types of methods can be recommended in e-commerce. Recommender system is a method which recommends items in e-commerce. Preferences of customers who want to purchase new items can be predicted by the preferences of customers purchasing existing items. In the recommender system, the items with estimated high preferences can be recommended to customers. The algorithm of collaborative filtering is used in recommender system of e-commerce, and the list of recommended items is made by estimated values, and then the list is recommended to customers. The dataset used in this research are 100k dataset and 1 million dataset in Movielens dataset. Similar results in two dataset are deducted for generalization. To suggest a new algorithm, distribution features of estimated values are analyzed by the existing algorithm and transformed algorithm. In addition, respondent'distribution features are analyzed respectively. To improve the collaborative filtering algorithm in neighborhood recommender system, a new algorithm method is suggested on the basis of existing algorithm and transformed algorithm.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to observe and analyze the initial marginal bone resorption changes according to the patterns of cover screw exposures during healing period followed by implants installation. Total 64 fixtures(TiUniteTM, NobelBiocare, Sweden) were installed in partially edentulous jaws of 28 patients, who were selected retrospectively and were shown at least one cover screw exposure. Cover screw exposures were defined at 1 month recall. According to the patterns of exposures, groups were categorized into group 1 (No exposure), group 2 (pin-point exposure), group 3 (less than 1/2 of cover screw), group 4 (more than 1/2 of cover screw), group 5 (total exposure). Periapical radiographs were taken in purpose of changes of marginal bone level between installation and 2 month recall. Healing abutments were secured on the exposure groups at 2 month recall. Results were as follows: 1. Marginal bone resorptions were identified whenever cover screws were exposed. 2. Group 2 and 3 were shown significantly increased bone loss more than other group (P <.05). 3. Group 4 and 5 were shown significantly increased bone loss more than group 1, however, less than other groups ( P <.05). Conclusionally, cover screw exposure may cause marginal bone resorptions, therefore, early connection of healing abutment is clinically helpful.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2013

This case report describes about recurrent herpetic stomatitis mimicking post-root resection complication. A 49 year-old male patient was diagnosed vertical root fracture of the mesiobuccal root of his left maxillary first molar (#26). The mesiobuccal root was resected following root canal treatment of the same tooth. 19 months later, the patient presented with pain on left hard palate after a barbecue party. Intra oral examination revealed a gum boil-like blister at the hard palate corresponding to the apex of the palatal root of #26. On clinical examination, there was bleeding on probing and the periodontal pocket depth was measured less than 5 mm with no tooth mobility. On a periapical radiograph, periodontal ligament space widening was observed. Tracing the sinus tract with gutta percha cone was attempted, however, it was impossible. Extending the field of vision, small multiple round ulcerations were observed at the palate front which caused pain to the patient. Therefore, the pain was considered a non odontogenic and the patient was referred to the department of oral medicine. The patient was diagnosed recurrent herpetic stomatitis and after 3 days of antiviral medication, the pain and ulceration were subsided.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.691-705
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• 2009

Phytolith analysis was made on a 660cm core from Lake Gyeongpo in the East Sea of Korean Peninsula to clarify the environmental change including climate and agricultural characteristics during the Holocene. From the results of phytolith analysis, six phytoliths assemblage zone(PAZ) were recognized from the base to the surface. PAZ I around 5,000 yr BP suggests the transition from the warm and dry to the cool and wet climatic conditions. The climate of PAZ II(ca. 4,000-2,000 BP) was kept on warm, but repeated between dry and wet conditions. PAZ III(2,000~1,000 yr BP) suggests the expansion of agricultural activities under the warm and humid climatic conditions due to the significant phytoliths production of Paniceae and Oryza sativa. While PAZ IV(1,000~500 yr BP) indicates very cool and dry conditions, PAZ V and IV suggest the warm-dry and cool-humid climatic conditions, respectively. Similar to the results of pollen analysis in the lake, the agricultural activities were recognized by PAZ III around 2,000 yr BP from the results of phytolith analysis, and the rice cultivations such as Oryza sativa have been expanded since 2,000 yr BP or later.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.497-502
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• 2012

Since the year 2000, the production and consumption of broccoli have rapidly increased in Korea. And, the average production area and amount were about 1,700 ha and 29,000 ton for the past 5 years. Even with the increase of these cultivation and consumption, more than 95% of the broccoli seeds are currently imported from foreign countries such as Japan and Netherlands. Therefore, development of domestic broccoli varieties is needed to relieve Korean farmers' production cost for broccoli. In this situation, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of Korea has tried to develop F1 hybrid varieties from elite lines that were obtained by microspore cultivation method from 2008. As the results, about 850 lines of broccoli were obtained and self-pollinated. Then their ploidy levels of the genome were confirmed to select double haploid (D.H.) lines. And the D.H. lines' horticultural traits were evaluated in open field. After the selection of 17 elite D.H. lines, they were cross-pollinated with a male sterile (MS) line to produce F1 hybrid seeds. After 2 to 3 years field trials of these F1 hybrid varieties at the area of Suwon, Gangneung, and Jeju respectively, two hybrid varieties such as 'Wongyo8011' and 'Wongyo8012' are selected for the application of variety protection. With these 4 years of research, we found that the microspore cultivation method is a powerful tool for the conventional breeding program, especially for the development of various inbred lines and even F1 hybrid varieties in short time.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to show dental hygienist's stable and comfortable attire during dental paitients treatment, and to enhance dental hygienist's image. 486 adult patients who visited local dental clinics or centers in three cities of Jeonbuk province, Jeonju, Iksan and Gunsan were surveyed by self developed questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed with frequency, percentage and chi-square test (${\chi}^2$-test), using SPSS program. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Respondents preferred two-piece skirt (39.1%), the face with whole make-up (45.9%). There were significant differences in gender (p<0.01). 2. 36.2% of respondents preferred pink-colored uniforms. 3. Respondents preferred sandal (44.2%), there were significant differences in age, gender (p<0.01, p<0.05). 4. In terms of indication or identification for dental hygienists, 60.7% of respondents preferred nameplate. There were significant differences in age (p<0.05). 5. 75.9% of respondents thought that favorite uniform and costumes that patients prefer could help them feel easy.