• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 1999

Palmultang(PMT) consists of Ginseng Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeoniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix. PMT enhanced the lucigenin chemiluminescence and the engulfment of fluorescein-conjugated E. coli particles and inhibited the production of nitric oxide in murine peritoneal macrophage. PMT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$, interleukin-2 and the cell viability in murine thymocyte, but did not affect the production of interleukin-4. These results indicate that PMT enhances the phagocytosis of macrophage via the stimulation of ${\gamma}-interferon$ production in $T_H1$ cells and the reduction of nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophage.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 1993

Methods for production of ${\gamma}$-Polyglutamic acid( ${\gamma}$-PGA ) by an alkalophilic Alcaligenes sP. were investigated for batch and continuous culture processes. Both quantity and productivity of ${\gamma}$-PGA by Alcaligenes sp. in batch culture were gradually increased with the increase of glucose concentration up to 50g/l , but the maximal production yield of 63% was obtained at 10g/l of glucose concentration. The highest specific growth rate was about $0.25hr^{-1}$ at 50un of glucose concentration, and substrate inhibition was observed at above 50g1f of glucose concentration. The highest ${\gamma}$-PGA formation about 11g/l in a batch system was obtained at 31'C, pH 10.0 and 87rpn Productivity of 2.80g/l/hr for continuous cultivation was 9 times higher than the productivity for batch cultivation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2004

Objective : The present experiments were designed to study on the immune-enhancing effect of Mountain grown ginseng, Mountain cultivated ginseng, and Panax ginseng Method : In order to compare the immune-enhancing effect of moutain grown ginseng, moutain cultivated ginseng and Panax ginseng, the study was done through the forced swimming test (FST), measurement of T helper Th1, Th2 cytokines and fatigue related factors. Result : Moutain grown ginseng and panax ginseng decreased the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total-protein (T-protein) in serum were investigated. The serum achieved from ginseng administered mouse showed higher BUN, T-protein than the control. moutain grown ginseng administered group showed lower LDH than the control group. moutain grown ginseng administered mouse showed higher glucose than the control. Creatinine was same in either experimental or control group. Ginseng-induced cytokine production in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages were compared. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) and panax ginseng (10-3 dilution) were increased the interferon $IFN-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 1.6-fold P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-4 dilution) was increased the $IFN-{\gamma}$ and interleukin IL-4 production compared with media control (about l.4-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$ and 1.6-fold for IL-4 P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-3 dilution) and moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) were increased the turmor necrosis factor $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells (about 1.9-fold for $TNF-{\alpha}$ P<0.05), respectively. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-3 dilution) was increased the IL-12 production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cell (about 1.7-fold for IL-12 P<0.05). Conclusion : These data suggest that three different three kinds of ginseng act on immune responses in different aspects.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by dysregulatory production of proinflammatory cytokines and helper T (Th) cytokine-dependent autoantibody production. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of baicalin on the dysregulatory production of proinflammatory cytokines and Th cytokines in pristane-induced lupus mice. Mice were received i.p. a single injection of 0.5 ml of pristane, and then, later about 3 months, were used as a pristane-induced lupus model. The pristane-induced lupus mice were administrated orally with baicalin 50 mg/kg once in a day for 10 days. Immune cells obtained from the pristane-primed lupus control group (lupus control) and baicalin-treated pristaneprimed lupus mouse group (BAC lupus) were cultured for 24 h or 36 h with/without mitogens. These results demonstrated that LPS-induced production of macrophage and splenic TNF-${\alpha}$ and Con A-induced production of thymic IFN-${\gamma}$ were attenuated in BAC lupus compared to lupus control, while LPS-stimulated production of macrophage IL-10, Con A-stimulated production of splenic IL-10 and, $PGE_2$-reduced production of splenic IFN-${\gamma}$ enhanced. Therefore, these findings suggest that baicalin may protect from autoimmunity and disease activity in lupus via modulatory effect of proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and Th cytokine imbalance.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2002

To determine the effect of picolinic acid on NOㆍ production, murine macrophages were incubated with either medium, various concentrations of picolinic acid, or IFN-${\gamma}$ plus picolinic acid for 48 hr. Picolinic acid does not induce NOㆍ production by itself, it acted synergistically with INF-${\gamma}$ for the induction of reactive nitrogen intermediate production in murine macrophages. Thymidine incorporation appeared to be reciprocally related to nitrite levels, suggesting that IFN-${\gamma}$ plus picolinic acid induced NOㆍ synthesis exerted antiproliferative effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

The efficiency of gamma irradiation (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 kGy) as a sterilization method of corn samples (30 g) artificially contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme stored at normal condition ($25^{\circ}C$ with approximate relative humidity (RH) of 55%) and optimal condition ($25^{\circ}C$ with a controlled RH of 97%) was studied. The results showed that the fungal growth and the amount of fumonisin were decreased as the dose of gamma irradiation increased. Gamma irradiation at 1-5 kGy treatment significantly inhibited the growth of F. moniliforme by 1-2 log reduction on corn samples (P < 0.05). Sublethal effect of gamma irradiation was observed at 10-20 kGy doses after storage, and a complete inactivation required 30 kGy. Fungal growth and fumonisin production increased with higher humidity and longer storage time in all corn samples. This study also demonstrated that there was no strict correlation between fungal growth and fumonisin production. Storage at normal condition significantly resulted in lower growth and fumonisin production of F. moniliforme as compared with those stored at optimal condition (P < 0.05). Gamma irradiation with the dose of ${\geq}5$ kGy followed by storage at normal condition successfully prolonged the shelf life of irradiated corns, intended for human and animal consumptions, up to 7 weeks.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.3281-3289
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• 2011

The materials composed of the 3d series transition metals are introduced into the hydrocarbon steam-reforming reaction in order to enhance the $H_2$ production and abruptly depress the catalytic deactivation resulting from the strong sintering between the Ni component and the ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ support. The conventional impregnation method is used to synthesize the Ni/3d series metal/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ materials through the sequentially loading Ni source and the 3d series metal (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) sources onto the ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ support. The Mnloaded material exhibits a significantly higher reforming reactivity than the conventional Ni/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ and the other Ni/3d series metal/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ materials. Particularly the addition of Mn selectively improves the $H_2$ product selectivity by eliminating the formation of $CH_4$ and CO. The $H_2$ production is maximized at a value of 95% over Ni(0.3)/Mn(0.3)/${\gamma}-Al_2O_4$(1.0) with a butane conversion of 100% above $750^{\circ}C$ for up to 55 h.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.319-325
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• 2002

The induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) using combined proinflammatory agents $(LPS/IFN-{\gamma}\;or\;TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma})$ was studied in relation to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcriptional factor in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes. When added to cultures of cardiomyocytes, the combined agents $(LPS/IFN-[\gamma}\;or\;TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma})$ had stimulatory effect on the production of IL-6 and the elevation was significantly reduced by SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor. SB203580 inhibited protein production and gene expression of IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, $IFN-{\gamma}$ enhancement of $TNF-{\alpha}-induced\;NF-{\kappa}B$ binding affinity as well as p38 MAP kinase activation was observed. However, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580, had no effect on $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}\;or\;LPS/IFN-{\gamma}-induced\;NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. This study strongly suggests that these pathways about $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$ or $LPS/IFN-{\gamma}-activated$ IL-6 release can be primarily dissociated in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 2005

Background : Diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy is sometimes difficult using conventional diagnostic methods. We have investigated the utility of pleural fluid cell $IFN-{\gamma}$ production assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Methods : We prospectively performed pleural fluid cell $IFN-{\gamma}$ production assay in 39 patients with tuberculous pleural effusions (TPE) and in 26 patients with nontuberculous pleural effusions (NTPE) (13 malignant pleural effusions and 13 parapneumonic effusions). Pleural fluid cells were cultured in DMEM media and stimulated with purified protein derivatives (PPD), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 24 hr. The amount of $IFN-{\gamma}$ released in the culture supernatant was quantitated by $IFN-{\gamma}$ ELISA assay. We have also measured adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities and $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentrations in the pleural fluid. Results : 1) The pleural fluid levels of ADA activity and $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentrations were significantly higher in TPE than NTPE (p<0.01). 2) $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in TPE cells stimulated by PPD ($755,266{\pm}886,636pg/ml$) was significantly higher than NTPE cells ($3,509{\pm}6,980pg/ml$) (p<0.01). By considering the fact that $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentrations over 10,000 pg/ml is a criteria for the diagnosis of TBE, sensitivity and specificity of the test were 97.4 and 92.3%, respectively. 3) The ratios of $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by the stimulation with PPD and PHA (PPD/PHA) were significantly higher in TPE cells ($59{\pm}85$) than NTPE cells ($5{\pm}18$)(p<0.01). Considering the criteria for the diagnosis of TBE as PPD/PHA ratio over 5, sensitivity and specificity of the test were 76.9 and 92.3%, respectively. Conclusion : Pleural fluid cell $IFN-{\gamma}$ production assay may be useful for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.677-684
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• 2012

A bacterium strain GS-2 isolated from the Korean traditional seasoning food, Chungkookjang and was determined to produce large amounts of ${\gamma}$-PGA with high productivity when provided with simple nutrients (L-glutamic acid 2.0%, glucose 1.0%, $NH_4Cl$ 0.5%, $KH_2PO_4$ 0.05%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.01%, pH 7.0). In this study, the culture medium for this strain was optimized for the production of ${\gamma}$-PGA. The Bacillus subtilis GS-2 required supplementation with L-glutamic acid and other nutrients for maximal production of ${\gamma}$-PGA. The optimal culture conditions for ${\gamma}$-PGA production were a 48 hr culture time, a temperature of $33^{\circ}C$ and initial pH of 6.5 by rotary shaking (220 rpm). A maximum ${\gamma}$-PGA production of 31.0 $g/{\ell}$ was obtained with L-glutamic acid (30 $g/{\ell}$), sucrose (the main carbon source, 30 $g/{\ell}$), $NH_4Cl$ (the main nitrogen source, 2.5 $g/{\ell}$), $KH_2PO_4$ (1.5 $g/{\ell}$) and $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ (0.15 $g/{\ell}$) in the culture medium.