• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2007

목적 : OVA에 유도된 천식 쥐 모델에 향소산가미방을 투여한 후 $PPAR{\gamma}$의 변화를 조사하여 향소산가미방의 천식 치료 기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 8주된 암컷 BALB/c 마우스에 첫 날과 14일 후에 20 ${\mu}g$의 OVA를 알루미니윰 하이드록사이드 1mg과 혼합한 후 총 200 ${\mu}g$를 복강 내로 주입하여 감작시켰다. 처음 감작시킨 날로부터 21,22,23일 후에 천식 모델에 사용하는 초음파 분무기를 이용하여 세 번째 감작시켜서 천식 마우스 모델을 만들었다. 천식 마우스 모델을 만드는 기간 중 OVA를 복강 내로 주입한 후 19일째에 24시간의 간격으로 향소산가미방을 7일 동안 경구 투여하여 향소산가미방의 효과를 조사하였다. 기관지폐포세척술은 마지막 감작 후 72시간 후에 실행하고 기관지폐포 세척액의 총 세포수를 측정하였다. $PPAR{\gamma}$의 발현은 천식 마우스 모델의 폐와 향소산가미방을 투여한 마우스 모델의 폐를 적출한 후 Western blotting 방법을 아용하여 측정하였다. 병리 조직학적 검사는 hematoxylin 2 and eosin-Y 염색을 이용하여 조사하였다. 결과 : 정상 군과 비교하여 OVA감작 천식 쥐 모델에서는 72시간 후에 총 세포 수가 증가하였다. 특히 OVA감작 천식 군에서 증가된 호산구의 수가 향소산가미방을 투여 한 쥐 군에서는 유의하게 감소하였다. OVA감작 천식 쥐 모델에서 72시간 후에 정상 군과 비교하여 핵 내에서의 $PPAR{\gamma}$단백질의 발현이 약간 증가하였다. 그러나 향소산가미방을 투여한 쥐 모델에서는 세포질과 핵 내에서 $PPAR{\gamma}$단백질의 발현이 유의하게 증가하였다. 조직학적 검사상 정상 군과 비교하여 OVA 감작된 천식 쥐 모델에서는 폐포, 세기관지, 기도내강 주변에 많은 염증 세포들이 있었다. 그러나 가미향소산 을 투여 한 후에는 염증 세포들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 결론 : 가미향소산은 $PPAR{\gamma}$작용제로서 역할을 하며, 천식에 대한 치료제 또는 예방제를 개발하는 데 후보 물질이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Water for future
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1980

The prupose of this study are the theoretical examination of Gamma distribution function and its application to hydraulic engineering, that is studying the simulation of monthly streamflow by the Gamma distribtution function model(Gamma Model) based on Monte Carlo technique. In the analysis, monthly streamflow data in the Nak Dong River, the Han River, and the Keum River were used and the data were changed to modular coefficient in order to make the analysis convenient. At first, the fitness of monthly streamflow to 2-Parameter Gamma distribution was tested by Chi-square and Kolmogrov-Smironov test, by which it was found the monthly streamflow were fit well to this Gamma distribution function. Then, the Gamma Model based on the Gamma distribution and Monte Carlo Method was used in the simulation of monthly streamflow, and simulateddata showed that all their stastical characteristics were preserved well in the simulation. Consequently, it can be concluded that the Gamma Model is suitable for the simulation of monthly streamflow series directly by using the Mote Carlo technique.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2016

Bubble size is a key parameter for an accurate prediction of bubble behaviours in the multi-dimensional two-phase flow. In the current STAR CCM+ CFD code, a mechanistic bubble size model $S{\gamma}$ is available for the prediction of bubble size in the flow channel. As another model, Yun model is developed based on DEBORA that is subcooled boiling data in high pressure. In this study, numerical simulation for the gas-liquid two-phase flow was conducted to validate and confirm the performance of $S{\gamma}$ model and Yun model, using the commercial CFD code STAR CCM+ ver. 10.02. For this, local bubble models was evaluated against the air-water data from DEDALE experiments (1995) and Hibiki et al. (2001) in the vertical pipe. All numerical results of $S{\gamma}$ model predicted reasonably the two-phase flow parameters and Yun model is needed to be improved for the prediction of air-water flow under low pressure condition.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 1992

Geomagnetic data from 3-axis magnetometer and the IGRF model (tilite - eccentric dipole model) were used to determine the attitude of a satellite. We compared the values of the geomagnetic model with the magnetometer data and two attitude angles, called $\alpha$ -angle and $\beta$-angle respectively, were calculated. From these angles we calculated simple bounds, $\gamma1$ and $\gamma2$, on the true attitude angle $\gamma$, which is used to detemine attitude, between the z-axis and the local vertical. And then we investigated conditions of attitudes of UoSAT-11, 14, 22.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2015

In this paper, speech enhancement using nonnegative matrix factorization with temporal continuity has been addressed. Speech and noise signals are modeled as Possion distributions, and basis vectors and gain vectors of NMF are modeled as Gamma distributions. Temporal continuity of the gain vector is known to be critical to the quality of enhanced speech signals. In this paper, temporal continiuty is implemented by adopting Gamma-Markov chain priors for noise gain vectors during the separation phase. Simulation results show that the Gamma-Markov chain models temporal continuity of noise signals and track changes in noise effectively.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.15D no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2008

This paper evaluates software cost estimation models, and presents the most suitable model. First, we transformed a relevant model into variables to make in linear. Second, we evaluated model's performance considering how much suitable the cost data of the actual development software was. In the stage of model performance evaluation criteria, we used MMRE which is the relative error concept rather than the absolute error. Existing software cost estimation model follows Weibull, Gamma, and Rayleigh function. In this paper, Gompertz function model is suggested which is a kind of growth curve. Additionally, we verify the compatability of other different growth curves. As a result of evaluation of model's performance, Gompertz function was considered to be the most suitable for the cost estimation model.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2004

Successful project planning relies on a good estimation of the manpower required to complete a project in addition to the schedule options that may be available. Existing software manpower estimation models present the total manpower and instantaneous manpower distribution for the software life cycle. Putnam's Rayleigh and Phillai et al.'s Gamma models present a model with assumption that the manpower is needed at the system delivery. This means that 40 percent of total manpower is applied at the software development, and the other 60% is applied during maintenance phase. However Warburton observes the manpower is needed during development phase with the peak at the completion of the software design phase. So, the existing models were not appropriate to be applied to practical projects. This paper suggests the Sigmoid model which does not consider the point of manpower peak to fix the problem above. The suggested model showed some improvement when practical data was applied. Therefore, the Sigmoid model can be used as alternative of Rayleigh and Gamma model to estimate distribution of manpower during software development phas.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.182-193
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• 2000

Molar cyclization equilibrium constant (K$_{x}$) of poly(alkylene terephthalate) (PAT) cyclics was calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of rotational isomeric state (RIS) model. The experimental $K_{x}$ of PAT cyclics, which was not clearly explained by the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory and the method of Flory, Suter, and Mutter however, was explained well by the direct computational method with the reaction radius ${\gamma}$=0.5 < ${\gamma}^{2}$> $^{1/2}$. The effect of PAT conformation on $K_{x}$ of PAT cyclics was investigated by changing its statistical weight parameters, ${\sigma}_{1}$ and ${\sigma}_{2}{\cdot}K_{x}$ of PAT cyclics obtained by the direct computation method with various radii and the radius ${\gamma}$=0.5 < ${\gamma}^{2}$> $^{1/2}$ was slightly changed with ${\sigma}_{1}$ and ${\sigma}_{2}$. Consequently, it was concluded that $K_{x}$ of PAT cyclics is strongly dependent on the configuration of each PAT and affected by the change of its conformation to some extent.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.194-201
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• 2007

Although Gamma Knife irradiates much more radiation in a single session than conventional radiotherapy, there were only a few studies to measure absolute dose of a Gamma Knife. Especially, there is no report of application of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) TRS-398 which requires to use a water phantom in radiation measurement to Gamma Knife. In this article, the authors reported results of the experiments to measure the absorbed dose to water of a Gamma Knife Model C using the IAEA TRS-398 protocol. The absorbed dose to water of a Gamma Knife model C was measured using a water phantom under conditions as close as possible to the IAEA TRS-398 protocol. The obtained results were compared with values measured using the plastic phantom provided by the Gamma Knife manufacturer. Two Capintec PR-05P mini-chambers and a PTW UNIDOS electrometer were used in measurements. The absorbed dose to water of a Gamma Knife model C inside the water phantom was 1.38% larger than that of the plastic phantom. The current protocol provided by the manufacturer has an intrinsic error stems from the fact that a plastic phantom is used instead of a water phantom. In conclusion, it is not possible to fully apply IAEA TRS-398 to measurement of absorbed dose of a Gamma Knife. Instead, it can be a practical choice to build a new protocol for Gamma Knife or to provide a conversion factor from a water phantom to the plastic phantom. The conversion factor can be obtained in one or two standard laboratories.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.202-211
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• 2017

In this study, numerical simulations were performed using the ${\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ transition model of KFLOW for the transitional flow over the KARI-11-180 airfoil. Numerical results of KFLOW were compared with experimental data and two other numerical results of XFoil and MSES. Fully turbulence model was predicted high skin friction drag than transition model because fully turbulence model could not solve the transitional flow. Numerical predictions using the ${\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ model of KFLOW show a good agreement with experimental data and other numerical results. Present numerical results were confirmed the state of drag bucket due to dramatic changing of the transition location on the airfoil surface.