• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2019

This paper is the result of research on how to represent 'Landscape' of Oriental painting in 3D space within virtual reality. Based on the similarities between the characteristics of Oriental painting and virtual reality put together three features of painting and put them into the digital content. For the expression of painting style, we produced texture, represented spaces and shadows as a content development environment, and the view point with helper storytelling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.98-108
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to help outdoor space planning reflected real needs of apartment residents in the differentiation elements of outdoor space, by using USC trade-off game in three apartment complexes in Seoul. This game method was used to evaluate their preference, reliability of preference degree, satisfaction degree, requirement elements such as improvement, sacrifice, maintenance of present condition, and payment possibility for improving and maintaining present condition, in addition to their preference and payment possibility of differentiation of outdoor space in the apartment complex in the future. From the statical analysis, we found the following results: 1. Reliability of preference degree was valid, inasmuch as the first elements they preferred were the almost same as the last things. 2. Elements of preference were pedestrian ways, pedestrian security facilities, various athletic facilities, and variety and high-class facilities in a play ground. 3. Satisfaction degree of differentiation elements of outdoor space was low not only in total complexes but also in each complex. As a result of analysis, these elements were not satisfied with residents. 4. Most of the differentiation elements of outdoor space in three apartment complexes, except planting traditional trees, were required to improve and maintain present condition. The cost to improve and maintain these elements able to pay by them was about 2.18 million won. Through this result, these elements were not options but prerequisites for planning outdoor space in apartment complexes. 5. In the future preference elements of differentiation of outdoor space in apartment complexes were pedestrian and jogging ways, places with water, various athletic places and facilities, multi-function resting places, green spaces in experiences, pedestrian security facilities, various athletic facilities, variety and high-class facilities in a play ground, and payment possibility for these elements was about 3.20 million won.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to attempt to interpret golf courses as event-generating spaces with consideration given to the time factor. Through a golf game, a variety of events such as the tee shot, second shot, putt, and hole out are generated. These events have been connected to a series of events after hole out such as birdie, par, bogey and so on. The series of events do not always occur in the same way. They reveal unexpected changes over time. These unexpected changes cause changes in the spatial characteristics and offer unforgettable memories for golfers. Gilles Deleuze mentioned the spatial characteristics as striated space and smooth space. Striated space can be defined as sedentary space. It is distant vision-optical space that has dimensional, metric and centered characteristics, whereas smooth space is defined as nomadic, close vision-haptic space that has directional and acentered characteristics. This study focused on the analysis of spatial characteristics according to striated space and smooth space. Golf courses generally show the characteristics of striated space before beginning the game. As soon as the game begins, however, the golf courses are converted into an event-generating space. The characteristics of striated space are transformed into smooth space, a nomadic space that amplifies the dynamic, changeable, de-scaled and non-metric system. Through the whole game, this transformation is dramatically repeated. On the other hand, the golfer, the subject of the game, senses the phenomenological experience in the process of orientation, center, definition, and domestication.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-237
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• 2022

As technological changes continue to accelerate every day, meeting the needs of a shifting educational landscape requires leaving an exclusively "in-person" education behind. Gamified learning environments should be carefully designed in light of conflicting studies to suit students' needs. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to draw conclusive results regarding the application of the most commonly used game elements in education, i.e., badges and leaderboards, through a comprehensive analysis of their impact on academic performance in online learning. Review Manager (RevMan 5.4) was used to analyze eligible studies selected from Emerald, SAGE, ERIC, EBSCO, and ProQuest between January 2011 and January 2022. Analyzing 37 studies found that using leaderboards and badges in online education enhanced academic performance when compared to traditional learning without gamification (SMD = 0.39). The badge-only intervention showed a larger effect size (SMD = 0.33) than the leaderboard-only intervention (SMD = 0.27). Badges and leaderboards together exhibited a larger effect size (SMD = 0.48) than individual game elements (SMD = 0.40). The impact of the game elements on academic performance was greater in the humanities (SMD = 0.51) than in STEM fields (SMD = 0.32) and was greater for K-12 students (SMD = 0.63) than for college students (SMD = 0.31). This study contributes to a timely discussion of the use of badges and leaderboards in COVID-19 online learning trends and provides relevant data for designing integrations of online education and gamification models.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.43-58
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• 2021

In the current discourse landscape where the opinions of stakeholders on game self-regulation are opposed, this study was conducted for the purpose of finding improvements by examining the effects of media reports on self-regulatory policies or perceptions. From July 2018 to June 2020, all articles reported for about two years were selected and the final 325 data were used for the study. For detailed frame analysis, the first and second frames were derived inductively. In the results of the study, it was analyzed that the in-depth understanding of the topic of self-regulation, the use of objective data, and the diversity of information sources were insufficient throughout the report.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1990

This study intends to define the concept of human scale and visual preference which is frequently being used by environmental designers, and to explore the dimension of buildings and courtyards which is perceived as "human scale" and "visually preferable" by users (college students). As the subjects of this experiment were college students, "human scale" and "visual preferenoe" that were professional terms must be changed to understandable and compatible concept. The compatible concept for human scale was defined as the degree of friendliness and comfort, and that for visual preference was declined as the degree of like or dislike. The subjects thought that buildings with the height of 2.73 ∼5. 83 storides, the length of 27.44∼44.00m and the height ratio of 1.81 ∼5.41 were in human scale, and that buildings with height 2.60 ∼ 6.00 stories, the length of 25.7∼55.00 and the height ratio of 1.32∼6.41 were visually preferred. The block game used in this study was Proved to he a reliable and valid experimental method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to discovered assessment items for improving athletic efficiency and management of golf courses. Through this, the study intended to provide basic data for creating competitive golf courses and management. Important assessment items were selected by inducing preliminary assessment items and conducting a preliminary survey and a main survey for specialists through a theoretical study. For the survey results studied, reliability and average value for importance were calculated using SPSS/PC Window Release 12.0. As assessment of importance by assessment area, in athletic efficiency assessment, course management level was the highest, followed by fairness of games and operation of games. In management assessment, importance of service level, information management, facility management, management of game assistants, etc. were high. As assessment of importance by assessment item, it was found that 'variety of golf shot' and 'the length of a course' were important in course layout. Also 'start interval among teams' and 'disturbance of play' were assessed as important items in game operation, while 'fair reservation' and 'rounding rotation time' were important in fairness of games. In addition, in information management, 'kind service of golf course staffs' and 'prompt reservation and notification' were found to be important assessment items. In facility management, all assessment indexes were over 4.0, which means all of them are important for quality of golf course and competitiveness. In membership service, 'appropriate price of goods for sale' and 'service for members' were relatively important assessment items. Further, in management of game assistants, 'qualifications and skillfulness of game assistants' was assessed as a very important index. Although the current study only selected important items to assess excellent golf courses, it is necessary to apply the study results to the actual sites and verify them for golf course both at domestic and abroad.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-77
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• 2011

This study focused on relevant rock names related to Sinsun(神仙) which had been settled as Taoist traces were combined with places. While interpreting major features of Sundoism relevant rocks, it also discussed types and places of rocks reflected in their names by considering distinct characteristics of landscape characters that ancestors viewed through the rocks or on the rocks. Conclusion of this study is summarized as follows. 1. Among the rock names related to Sinsun, the most frequently discovered one was Sinsunbawi(52) and followed by Sinsunbong(神仙峰: 38), Sinsundae(神仙臺: 31). Other than these, there were Gangsundae(降仙臺: 12), Sunyoodae (仙遊臺: 10) and Sasundae(四仙臺: 5). 2. In the name of Sinsundae, 'Dae(臺)' ascertains that it was located in greatly superb place in the aspects of viewpoint and appreciation where landscape superiority and overlook scenery were fair and outstanding. 3. Sinsunbong was named for a peak of mountain. At the same time, it implied a notion of worship with images of 'merging with sky' or 'looking up.' Most of time, Sinsunbong indicated the tallest rock in the mountain chain. 4. A significant number of Sinsunbong had names where legends of Sinsun's Go game or descent were originated from. It shows that 'Sinsun(仙) and Go game' used to be very important motives for folk etymology of Sinsun related rocks. Along with the Sinsundae, a number of Sinsunbawi were also turned out to exist in land and ocean with excellent marine view. 5. According to analysis of their altitudes and heights of the peaks where the rocks belong to, Sinsunbong, Sinsundae and Sinsunbawi were in order. It might indicate that the rocks were located on top of mountain or that Sinsunbong represented the mountain itself. Compared to this, Sinsundae was located in where distant panoramic views were overlooked. It was not necessarily to be in peak but in where with a great view like Taoist world. On the other hand, Sinsunbawi was located in where has fine scenery and great valley not so far from villages, which proved its name had been influenced by place feature not altitude. 6. Feature of rock with Sinsun related name is to comprise visual stability of worship object with close linkage to attitude of worshiper. Considering its deep connection with communicative method of worship object and worshiper, seemingly it was main factor to lead folk etymology of rocks with Sinsun related names. 7. Rock is an object with the greatest implication of Sinsun imagination and Sinsun rocks show most clearly the fact that Taoism, which used to be considered as inaccessible, had been actualized in a visual and realistic manner with the change of time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2024

Alvin Toffler mentioned that it is important for future society to keep pace with synchronization and that time deviations can hinder social development. As we experience the new normal era of untact, we have experienced an increase in non-face-to-face contact and accelerated digital transformation. Amid these rapid changes, we can maintain the need for synchronization or change in space. Therefore, we would like to study what kind of settlements people create and choose. We looked at the metaverse as an object that could indirectly find out about this, and used the content called "Animal Crossing" to collect data related to the spatial form of the metaverse. Sampling utilized a judgment sampling method during non-probability sampling to alleviate differences due to the progress of the game. The collected data was classified according to floor plan and location type and briefly organized through descriptive statistics. After matching each facility by use, data was constructed by setting coordinates for each cluster and listing them. This data was interpreted graphically on the coordinate plane for each cluster, and Euclidean analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between clusters and residential choice using a Euclidean matrix. As a result of the analysis, it could be interpreted that efficiency was pursued by arranging similar functions in close proximity. Nevertheless, when choosing a residence, it was interpreted that the intention was to create a community through arrangement adjacent to residents rather than efficiency or convenience. Due to the differences between the metaverse and the real world, it is expected that there will be limitations in equating it with reality. However, through the space expressed in the virtual world by people who are far away from the constraints of reality, we can indirectly know the wishes that we have not been able to express due to our lack of awareness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

This paper presents a case of community participatory neighborhood park design. The site, Yangji park, is located in Sandang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul and the area is about 1,870m. Neighborhood park is defined as an outdoor space which is close to people´s home and is considered to be their own, because of the residents´ collective responsibility, family association, and frequent shared use. It is a place for pleasant rest area for community, sharing a sense of nature and retaining a sense of tradition and culture which is disappearing in a city. It is related to the daily life of the people near the site and becomes a place to let the community increase dialogue and understanding between people. On the other hand, participatory design is a design in which people participate in the design process. Thus people can understand the project well, present their opinions better, and reconcile conflicts between the different interests of people. This design applied a community participatory design method to design a neighborhood park. The major strategies for participatory design were ´workshop´, ´card game´, ´walking site´, ´interview´, and ´questionnaire´. Eight workshops were performed for the participation design. The major spaces and facilities elected by participants were the ´main entrance plaza´, ´entrance symbol space´, ´children´s ´playground´, ´multipurpose sport ground´, ´grass land´, ´foot-pressure area´, ´spaces symbolizing a rock mountain and an old well´, ´space for youth´, ´a pavilion´, etc. From this selection, design concept alternatives were generated by participants. The aster plan was developed from these design alternatives with the help of landscape architects. It was revised by ist visits and community discussions. People were also involved in the construction process and left their own works, such as hand prints, on the site. After construction, residents continued to maintain the park by themselves. As a result, It was found that participatory design was very effective for people´s satisfaction and sustainable park management. By involving people more in the process they developed a sense of community, a sense of ownership, and attachment to the place. In conclusion, it is suggested that we need to develop an effective people´s participation method to Korean society.