• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.145-151
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• 2007

To investigate the chemical constituents of Acer tegmentosum, the bark were collected, air-dried and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone. Then it was successively partitioned with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and $H_2O$. Repeated Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography on the EtOAc soluble fraction gave five phenolic compounds. Their structures were elucidated as (+)-catechin (1), (-)-epi-catechin (2), Q-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (3), gallic acid (4) and 6'-0-galloylsalidroside (5) on the basis of spectroscopic evidences using $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$, 2D-NMR and MS spectroscopy, (-)-epicatechin-3-Ogallate (3), gallic acid (4), 6'-Ogalloylsalidroside (5) have not been reported in this plant yet.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

Objectives: Gallic acid (GA) is the major component of tannin which could be easily founded in various natural materials such as green tea, red tea, grape juice, and Corni Fructus. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on production of interleukin (IL) in mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Productions of interleukins were measured by High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$ (multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. Firstly, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS and GA for 24 hour. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conjugated beads for 30 minutes. And detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. And Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin (SAPE) was added. After incubation for 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System and concentration of interleukin was determined. Results: The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. GA significantly inhibited the production of IL-3, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-17 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). 2. GA significantly inhibited the production of IL-6 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). 3. GA diminished the production of some cytokine such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 4. GA did not show the inhibitory effect on the production of IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-9 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that GA has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibitory effects on the production of interleukins such as IL-3, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2008

The Acorn (Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS), which contains a large quantity of tannin, should be developed as a processed food as the acorn is rich in natural antioxidants and other valuable components. Accordingly, acorn extraction conditions for polyphenol and gallic acid (both antioxidants) were investigated by response surface methodology. The content of polyphenols were determined under 16 different extraction conditions based upon a central composite design. The parameters varied over $30-70^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, 1-5 h of extraction time, and 5-25 mL/g of solvent ratio, Gallic acid extraction was optimal at $60-100^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, 1-5 h of extraction time, and 5-25 mL/g of solvent ratio, Epicatechin content was highest at $56.77^{\circ}C$, 4.16 hand 22.38 mL/g. Catechin content was highest at $52.37^{\circ}C$, 2h and 23.59 mL/g. The maximum catechin content was $91.30{\mu}g/mL$. Epigallocatechin content was influenced by extraction temperature and time. The maximum epigallocatechin content was $1,066.56{\mu}g/mL$ at $61.42^{\circ}C$, 4.17h, and 9.25 mL/g. The maximum value of epicatechingallate content was $125.39{\mu}g/mL$ at $47.72^{\circ}C$, 3.04h, and 24.93mL/g. Epigallocatechingallate content was influenced principally by solvent ratio and the maximum content was $61.38{\mu}g/mL$ at $48.11^{\circ}C$, 2.96h, and 24.95mL/g. The total polyphenol content was maximal at $1,332.75{\mu}g/mL$, after extraction at $61.50^{\circ}C$, 4.24h, at 9.71mL/g. The higher the extraction temperature and the longer the extraction time, the greater the polyphenol content. Gallic acid content was highest, the maximal level was $30.51{\mu}g/mL$ after $65.84^{\circ}C$, 1.65h at 17.17 mL/g, and this was influenced principally by extraction time and solvent ratio.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.903-906
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• 2008

Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (Lythraceae) is used in the treatment of various ailments in traditional medicines. DPPH activity guided fractionation and purification process was used to identify the free radical-scavenging components from the flowers of this plant. The methanolic extract of the plant was first fractionated into four extracts; namely, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water fractions. Among them, the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be the most effective and was further subjected to activity guided-fractionation and isolation procedures. After successive column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, gallic acid, which is responsible for the radical scavenging activity, was isolated and its structure was elucidated by spectral methods ($^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR) and by comparison with literature.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.883-887
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• 2009

The effects of Sacchromyces cerevisiae-Fermented Artemisiae Argi Folium Water extract (AFS) on Nitric oxide production from mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells treated with EtOH, gallic acid, Nicotine, Acetaminophen, and Acetaldehyde were investigated through this study. AFS (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 ug/mL) was simultaneously treated with EtOH (100 uM), gallic acid (100 uM), Nicotine (1 mM), Acetaminophen (2 mM), and Acetaldehyde (200 uM). And Nitric oxide production from Raw 264.7 cells was measured by Griess reagent method. AFS restorated the cellular production of Nitric oxide reduced by EtOH, gallic acid, Nicotine, and Acetaminophen in Raw 264.7 cells. AFS could be supposed to have the immuno-modulating activity concerned with macrophage's production of Nitric oxide.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.608-612
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• 2009

The effect of Sacchromyces cerevisiae-Fermented Artemisiae Argi Folium Water extract (AFS) on hydrogen peroxide production within mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 Cells treated with EtOH, gallic acid, Nicotine, Acetaminophen, and Acetaldehyde was investigated through this study. AFS (0-400 ug/mL) was simultaneously treated with EtOH, gallic acid, Nicotine, Acetaminophen, and Acetaldehyde. And the intracellular productions of hydrogen peroxide were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay. AFS restorated the intracellular productions of hydrogen peroxide reduced by EtOH, gallic acid, Nicotine, Acetaminophen within Raw 264.7 Cells. AFS could be supposed to have the immunological activity concerned with macrophage's oxidative burst.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2003

Effects of additives and plating conditions of high speed electroplating were investigated. The Sn content in electrodeposit was highly decreased with increasing current density from $10A/dm^2$ to $50A/dm^2$, and the current efficiency on the cathode was decreased. The carbon content in the electrodeposit was decreased with increasing current density from $10A/dm^2$ to $30A/dm^2$, however the carbon content was highly increased in the range of $40A/dm^2$$∼50A/dm^2$. The formation of tetravalent tin and stannic oxide sludge was prevented by the addition of gallic acid in the bath. The changing of Sn content in the electrodeposit is caused by the addition of gallic acid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1641-1648
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the combined effect of dietary supplementation of gallic and linoleic acid (GL) on the antioxidative effect and quality of thigh meat from broilers. Broilers received 3 dietary treatments: i) commercial finisher diet (control), ii) 0.5% GL (gallic:linoleic acid = 1 M:1 M), and iii) 1.0% GL during the 22 to 36 d. The pH value of broiler thigh meat was increased by GL supplementation. Water holding capacity of the thigh meat was enhanced by the 1.0% dietary GL supplementation. Antioxidative effect (total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, $ABTS^+$ reducing activity, reducing power, and TBARS value) in the thigh from the broilers improved significantly with 1.0% GL. Linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acids were higher in the broilers fed both levels of dietary GL. However, volatile basic nitrogen content and microbiological quality was not shown to be different between control and treated group. Results indicate that 1.0% dietary supplementation of GL can improve the antioxidant activity of broiler thigh meat and may enhance the meat quality.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-25
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• 1957

The herb of Geranium sibirium L, a drug knwon as "Chui Sonni Poul" distributed widely, has been used as a folk-medicine for the treatment of diarrhea. The dried entire herb is boiled with methanol and methanol is distilled of from the filtered methanol extract under reduced pressure. Then the extract is boiled with water and filtered off. From the filtrate, the following substances are isolated and identified by treating with organic solvents as ether, ethyl acetate, and etc.: 1. Gallic acid: a colorless needle crystal which is soluble in alcohol and water. mp.235.deg. C, positive (dark blue) against the ferric chloride reagent. 0.76 percent of gallic acid is yielded from the herb. 2. Quercetin: a light yellow crystal. mp.194.deg. C. negative against the ferric chloride reagent. 3. Ellagic acid: a light yellow crystal which is insoluble in ehter and acetone and slightly soluble in alcohol. Positive (blue) against the ferric chloride reagent. The crystal obtained by recrystalisation from pyridine, does not melt by 360.deg. C. Represent a yield of 0.03 percent from the herb. 4. Crude tannin: a approximately 7.6 percent of crude tannin is yielded by treating with ethyl acetate. gallic acid and querceetin are yielded by hydrosis with dliute sulfuric acid. Based on the above results, the following suggestion could be recommendable; Geraed in the Japanese Pharmacoeia VI.acoeia VI.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6215-6222
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• 2014

This study examined the anti-cancer activity of gallic acid(GA) isolated from P. suffruticosa. was analyzed by ESI-MS, $^1H$-NMR, and $^{13}C$-NMR. The anti-cancer activity was evaluated by measuring the cancer size in CT-26 cancer-allograft mice treated with GA(100 mg/kg p.o) for 14 days. The change in body weight, acute toxicity, weight change of the liver and spleen and biomaker of the liver were evaluated in the mice after the GA treatment. As a result, the cancer size of the CT-26 cancer-allograft mice treated with GA decreased significantly compared to that of the cancer mice without significant changes in weight loss (p<0.05) and acute toxicity. The weight of the liver and spleen and ALT, AST and LPO levels increased by cancer were decreased significantly after the GA treatment, and the GSH levels decreased by cancer were increased significantly with the GA treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, GA could be an attractive lead for the development of anticancer agents.