• 호남수학학술지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2020

Assume that K is a number field and K_ur is the maximal unramified extension of it. When Gal(K_ur/K) is an infinite group. It is known that Gal(K_ur/K) is generated by finitely many Frobenius classes of Gal(K_ur/K) by Y. Ihara. In this paper, we will give the explicit number of Frobenius classes which generate whole group Gal(K_ur/K).

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.1323-1329
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• 2020

대장균 효소 𝛽-gal를 이용하여 합성된 phenylethanol galactoside (PhE-gal)의 분자구조를 NMR (¹H-와 ¹³C-)과 고성능 mass spectrometry를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 PhE-gal은 ¹H NMR에서 2-phenylethanol (PhE)에 갈락토실기가 도입되었음을 나타내는 피크가 나타났다. 방향족 고리에서 오는 𝛿_H 7.30~7.21 ppm의 피크와 𝛿_H 2.88 ppm에 나타난 벤질기 위치의 CH₂에서 오는 피크는 PhE가 존재함을 나타낸다. 지방족 사슬 영역인 𝛿_H 4.31 ppm, 4.07 ppm과 𝛿_H 3.86~3.38 ppm에서 나타나는 7개의 proton 피크로부터 단당류가 도입되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. ¹³C NMR 스펙트럼에서 나타난 12개의 탄소 피크 중 4개의 피크는 방향족 고리인 페닐기로부터, 또한 단당류에서 기인한 6개의 탄소피크가 존재하므로 PhE에 단당이 도입되었음을 알 수 있다. PhE-gal의 분자량을 확인하기 위하여 질량분석기로 분석한 결과 m/z가 307.1181인 PhE-gal의 sodium adduct ion ([M+Na]⁺)이 나타나 생성물이 PhE-gal임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과 E. coli 𝛽-galactosidase에 의한 촉매반응으로 PhE에 갈락토즈가 첨가된 생성물인 PhE-gal이 성공적으로 생합성 되었음을 확인하였다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

1. So-gal IS also called as so-jung, So-dan, Pe-so, Jung-so. Gyuk-so. 2. Cause of So-gal is impairment of Jin-Aek. induced by mal intake. stress, overstrain, intoxication, aging. The process is done by Cho-yeol. 3. Symptoms of So-gal is classified m to three categories Sang-So stands for polydipsia, Jung-So stands for polyphagia and weight loss, and Ha-So stands for polyuria. 4. In treating of So-gal, Chung-Hwa Bo-eum Bo-yang is the main principle. The fundamental basis of treating So-gal is Chi-shin. 5. It is not easy to perfectly classify symptoms of So-gal into three categories Therefore further inquiry is required on classification methods of So-gal.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is a popular traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases including liver disorders. This study was performed to examine protective effect of G. jasminoides on galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with GalN (700 mg/kg). G. jasminoides (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after GalN injection. Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased after GalN injection, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Histological studies showed that G. jasminoides inhibited hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. GalN decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and this decrease was attenuated by G. jasminoides. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after GalN treatment and these changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Furthermore, the level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was attenuated by G. jasminoides. The level of interleukin-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was augmented by G. jasminoides. Our results suggest that G. jasminoides ameliorates GalN-induced acute hepatitis and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and regulation of inflammatory mediators.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

화장품 소재는 안전성이 무엇보다 중요시된다. 화장품에 사용되는 기존의 보존제인 PE에 대장균 효소 𝛽-gal을 이용하여 안전성이 증가된 PE-gal을 생합성하였다. 화장품 소재로 사용하기 위해 생합성된 생성물인 PE-gal의 피부 흡수도를 기존의 보존제인 PE와 비교하기 위해 Franz Diffusion cell Assay 시스템을 이용하여 경피투과도를 측정하였다. 같은 질량농도의 시료를 사용하였을 때 PE의 Flux 값, Kp 값은 시간이 지날수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나 PE-gal은 투과도를 측정할 수 있을 만큼 투과되지 못하였다. 이는 PE의 피부투과도가 생합성된 PE-gal 배당체보다 높다는 것을 나타낸다. Marzulli 등에 따라 Kp 값을 이용하여 투과 정도를 확인하였을 때 PE의 투과속도는 1mg/mL의 농도에서 느림(slow)으로 측정되었다. 따라서 배당체 형태의 PE-gal은 PE에 비해 경피 투과도가 현저히 낮게 나타났다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study is purposed to classify treatment and diagnosis of So-gal on the relationship of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2. Methods We compared conception, symptoms, mechanism and treatment of Sasangin's So-gal in ${\ulcorner}$Dongyisusebowon${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner}$Gabobon${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Sinchukbon${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Chobongwon${\lrcorner}$. 3. Result and Conclusion (1) So-gal of Soyangin is general disease, it is important disease of interior heat syndrome. So-gal of Taeumin is troubled by dryness of the lung, category of interior heat syndrome, but it bring about various complication. So-gal of Soeumin is important point that divide seriousness of disease. (2) So-gal is interior heat syndrome, it is related to interior heat syndrome of Soyangin, Taeumin. So-gal of Soeumin expresses conclusion of seriousness regardless of exterior and interior disease. (3) So-gal is related to nature, it is most important disease to Soyangin who is apt to variation of nature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.376-383
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• 2015

Background: Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against $\small{D}$-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results: Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2019

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p < 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4, and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8 and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6 folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12 (-1.9, -2.0, -2.0 and; -2.7 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control (p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in cow blood.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5653-5657
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate the effect of glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide GalNAc transferase 1 (ppGalNAc T1 ) targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on the growth and migration of human bladder carcinoma EJ cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: DNA microarray assays were performed to determine ppGalNAc Ts(ppGalNAc T1-9) expression in human bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. We transfected the EJ bladder cancer cell line with well-designed ppGalNAc T1 siRNA. Boyden chamber and Wound healing assays were used to investigate changes of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cell migration. Proliferation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells in vitro was assessed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and soft agar colony formation assays. Subcutaneous bladder tumors in BALB/c nude mice were induced by inoculation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells and after inoculation diameters of tumors were measured every 5 days to determine gross tumor volumes. Results: ppGalNAc T1 mRNA in bladder cancer tissues was 11.2-fold higher than in normal bladder tissues. When ppGalNAc T1 expression in EJ cells was knocked down through transfection by pSUPER-shppGalNAc T1 vector, markedly reduced incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of EJ cells was observed at all time points compared with the empty vector transfected control cells. However, ppGalNAc T1 knockdown did not significantly inhibited cell migration (only 12.3%). Silenced ppGalNAc T1 expression significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth compared with the control groups injected with empty vector transfected control cells. At the end of observation course (40 days), the inhibitory rate of cancerous growth for ppGalNAc T1 knockdown was 52.5%. Conclusion: ppGalNAc T1 might be a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Although ppGalNAc T1 knockdown caused no remarkable change in cell migration, silenced expression significantly inhibited proliferation and tumor growth of the bladder cancer EJ cell line.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 GALl, GALl, GALlO 및 GAP promoter 하류에 reporter 유전자인 K. marxianus의 inulinase 유전자(lNUl)를 연결하여 각각의 재조합 plasmid들을 구축하고, 이들로 형질전환된 S. cerevrswe를 회분배양(YPOG 배지 )하여 외래 유전자 발현에 미치는 promoter의 영향을 비교.검토하 였다. 재조합 효모의 최종 균체농도는 36-39 00600 값을 보여 promoter에 따른 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 포도당 소모기간 동안 비증식속도는 평균 $0.24 h^{-1}$로 유지되다가 galactose 소모기간 동안에 GAL promoter 함유 효모배양의 경우 $0.04-0.06 h^{-1}$, pYIGP 함유 재조합 효모배양은 $0.10 h^{-1}$로 감소하였다. 포도당 고갈 후 inulinase 발현은 시작되었고 균체외 inulinase의 발현 수준은 배양 72시간에 4.3 (GALl promoter), 4.0 (GAL7 promoter), 3.8 (GAL10 promoter) 및 1.6 (GAP promoter) unit/mL에 도달하였다. 평판배지상에서의 활성염색과 회분배양의 결과(최종발현양 및 초기 inulinase 말현속도), inulinase 발현에 미치는 promoter 세기 는 GALl > GALlO > GAL7 > GAP 순임을 알 수 있었다. GAL promoter가 배양말기까지 78 % 이상의 높은 plasmid 안정성을 보인 반면에, GAP promoter의 경우 55%의 낮은 plasmid 안정성을 보였다. 또한, 재조합 inulinase는 promoter 종류에 상관없이 98% 이상 배양액으로 분비되였다.